Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

: One use of spectral analysis of time series is to determine if two different time series are realizations from the same process This thesis develops the theory behind Krishnaiah and Schuurmann's theoretical work reported in their report Approximations to the Distributions of the Traces of Complex Multivariate Beta and F Matrices We take the trace of a test statistic calculated from the spectral density matrices of the time series and test it The thesis applies the theory to two small sample simulations (Author)

Spectral Analysis of Time Series.

https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa48864/Download/0048864-07032019141310.pdf

Reverse osmosis desalination: A state-of-the-art review

A theoretical model is developed for wave heights and set-up in a surf zone. In the time averaged equations of energy and momentum the energy flux, radiation stress and energy dissipation are determined by simple approximations which include the surface roller in the breaker. Comparison with measurements shows good agreement. Also the transitions immediately after breaking are analysed and shown to be in accordance with the above mentioned ideas and results.

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Wave Heights and Set-up in a Surf Zone

From the NJIT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Graduate Certificate in Environmental Engineering allows students to focus in Water Quality, Treatment and Infrastructure, Integrated Site Remediation, or Multidisciplinary Environmental Engineering. Environmental Engineers are interested in ways to protect the environment, improve water quality, and are essential in planning, designing and constructing water and wastewater treatment plants, solid waste disposal systems, site remediation approaches and emission control measures.

Environmental engineering-i

Gaza central seawater desalination plant is a promising solution to alleviate the problem of water crisis in the Gaza Strip. The plant in the short term, phase (I), will desalinate seawater for potable uses with a capacity of 55 million cubic meters per year, while in the long term, phase (II), the plant capacity will be doubled to 110 million cubic meters per year of freshwater. As a product from the reverse osmosis process, a huge amount of brine with salinity reaches to 75,000 mg/L will be redirected to seawater; nearly 12,200 m3/h of brine will be rejected from phase (I) while in the long term, a brine flow rate of 24,400 m3/h will be disposed from phase (II). In order to minimize the negative impacts of the rejected brine on the marine environment, it is urgent to modeling numerically the impact of the discharged brine through various disposal systems to define the most environmental system. Various scenarios were defined and simulated using CORMIX model to study the efficiencies of onshore surface open channel, offshore submerged single port as well as offshore submerged multiport outfalls taking salinity variations as an indicator. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most influencing input parameters on the simulation results as well as to evaluate the optimal environmental disposal system which can mitigate the adverse impacts of brine on the marine ecosystem as much as possible in the worst seawater conditions. The simulation results showed that the discharge via surface open channel is not environmentally feasible where the seawater salinity rose by more than 2000 mg/L at RMZ. The single-port scenario can meet the regulations at RMZ but the standard at GMZ was not met, where the rejected brine from phase (I) through single port at 1500 m offshore raises the seawater salinity at GMZ by more than 600  mg/L. The staged multiport outfall, capped by 24 ports, achieves acceptable brine dilution at seawater depth of about 7.5  m, and in the worst ambient conditions in the case of phase (II) in operation, the brine’s excess salinity was 536, 497, and 379 mg/L above the salinity of seawater at RMZ, GMZ, and ROI, respectively.

Numerical modeling of brine disposal from Gaza central seawater desalination plant

The Eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is experiencing patterns of major drought due to the effects of rising temperatures and falling precipitation levels. The multiscale drought evaluation Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) reveals evolving and severe drought from North Africa and the Sinai desert toward the Middle East. While there has been a period without drought between 1970 and 1990, the severity and frequency of drought increased considerably after 1990. Current drought conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean region of MENA are moderate to severe with a 60–100% likelihood of occurrence, according to time parameters. The Gaza Strip is especially vulnerable to the consequences of increasing drought because it is situated in the vicinity of the Sinai Desert; therefore, a downscaled study of drought in the region is essential to implement mitigation measures for the sustainable management and planning of coastal aquifer and agricultural activities in the Gaza Strip. Considerable availability of precipitation time series from various meteorological stations helped provide a local drought study for the Gaza Strip, in accordance with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The stochastic timeseries model of (4,0,1) (5,1,1)12 shows a robust simulator for modeling and forecasting the future trend of precipitation at the nine meteorological stations. In terms of correlation accuracy, the model achieves a correlation (r) of approximately 93–97% in the calibration range and a correlation (r) of about 92–99% in the validation range. In terms of measuring the difference between the values, the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the model results shows that the RMSE was between 7–21 in the calibration range and 11–21 in the validation range. The model reveals a slightly stable trend in precipitation patterns at the northern meteorological stations of Beit Hanon, Beit Lahia, Shati, and Remal. However, declining precipitation tendency was recorded at the southern meteorological stations of Mughraka, Nussirat, Beir Al-Balah, Khanyounis, and Rafah. The SPI-based drought assessment implies that the precipitation annual threshold levels at SPI1⁄4 0 drop territorially from 474 mm in the north to about 250 mm in the south of the Gaza Strip. In this study, a representative 12-month local scale SPI12 at an annual precipitation threshold level of 370 mm was formulated to address the drought conditions in the Gaza Strip. Standing on the outputs of the local SPI12 scale might signify that the region of the Gaza Strip risks drought status with an incidence likelihood varying from 8% in the north to 100% in the south. Regular drought is prevalent in the northern governorates, but the hazards of extreme and severe drought are high in the southern areas with an incidence risk of about 83%. Sequentially, southern governorates of Rafah and Khanyounis experience chronic annual drought, while the return period of drought is reported to be every 9–12 years in the northern governorates of the Gaza Strip. The rain-fed years of 1998 and 2010 reported the worst periods of drought, while the period of 2016 showed a good droughtless water balance. Overall, the no-drought status might define the prospective conditions in the governorates of North doi: 10.2166/wcc.2020.330 ://iwaponline.com/jwcc/article-pdf/11/S1/85/816813/jwc0110085.pdf Hassan Al-Najjar (corresponding author) Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Natural Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey E-mail: hassan.al-najjar@ogr.sakarya.edu.tr Gokmen Ceribasi Department of Civil Engineering, Technology Faculty, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey Emrah Dogan Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey Mazen Abualtayef Ahmed Shaqfa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine Khalid Qahman Environment Quality Authority, Gaza, Palestine 86 H. Al-Najjar et al. | Drought assessment in the Gaza Strip Journal of Water and Climate Change | 11.S1 | 2020 Downloaded fr by guest on 10 Septemb Gaza, Gaza, and central Gaza over the next 20 years, while Rafah and Khanyounis are anticipated to be under normal to severe drought conditions.

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Stochastic time-series models for drought assessment in the Gaza Strip (Palestine)

The Mediterranean coast of Gaza strip, which is covered about 40 km in length, is rich by coastal resources.
The development that occurred along the coastal lines has led to the host of problems such as increased
erosion, siltation, loss of coastal resources and the destruction of the fragile marine habitats. In order to
conserve the depleting coastal resources, the changes due to development and associated activities must be
monitored. Studying the temporal pattern of shoreline change is considered one of the most effective means
of monitoring the cumulative effects of different activities. An attempt was made to study the impact of Gaza
harbour on shoreline displacement along 6 km. This paper was intended to detect changes of coastal area in
Gaza city to provide future database in coastal management studies. The analysis was carried out using
image processing technique (ERDAS) and Geographical Information System platform. The variation during
38 years in the shoreline along the Gaza coast was determined by analyzing MSS, TM and ETM Landsat
images from 1972 to 2010. The analyses identified the erosion and accretion patterns along the coast. The
shoreline was advanced south of the Gaza fishing harbor, where the wave-induced littoral transport was
halted by southern breakwater and the annual beach growth rate was 15,900 m2. On the downdrift side of
the harbor, the shoreline was retreating and beaches erode at an annual rate of -14,000 m2. This study was
emphasized that the coastal band is considered as a critical area, it is therefore necessary to monitor coastal
zone changes because of the importance of environmental parameter and human disturbance. In particular,
the projections of future shoreline erosion and accretion rates are considered important for long-term
planning and environmental assessment for a variety of projects, including the construction and tourism
facilities

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The impact of gaza fishing harbour on the mediterranean coast of gaza

Gaza coastal aquifer (GCA) is the most precious natural source where it is the only source of water for different uses. Groundwater crisis in Gaza includes two major folds: shortage of water supply and contamination. The extraction of groundwater currently exceeds the aquifer recharge rate. As a result, the groundwater level is falling continuously leading severely deterioration of GCA. The main objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the current and proposed water resources management plans and their effect on the water level of GCA. In this respect, the available quantities of rainfall that could be harvested and infiltrated from different types of land-use based on existing and planned situations are studied using GIS tool and numerical models for GCA using V-MODFLOW environment for simulating four scenarios: (i) existing management practice (no action scenario), (ii) proposed Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) stormwater infiltration plan, (iii) proposed Gaza Emergency Technical Assistance Program (GETAP) interventions, and (iv) combination between second and third scenarios. The management scenarios were tested with the calibrated flow model for the target period between 2016 and 2040. The simulation results of existing management practice scenario show that there are several depression zones in Gaza Strip; in southern part from − 18 to − 24 m MSL in 2020 and 2040, in the northern part from − 7 to − 12 m MSL in 2020 and 2040, and in the middle regions experienced a small decline in groundwater level. The simulation results of proposed PWA scenario indicate similar depression zones as per first scenario but with good enhancement of water level, − 17 to − 18 m MSL in the southern part and − 3 to − 6 m MSL in the northern part in 2020 and 2040, respectively. The simulation results of GETAP intervention scenario show a positive impact on groundwater level. The results of fourth scenario show good enhancement of water level, in which the water level in the northern part ranges from + 3 to + 6 m MSL in 2020 and 2040, while in the south part ranges from − 15 to + 4 MSL in 2020 and 2040.

Evaluation of the effect of water management interventions on water level of Gaza coastal aquifer

Abualtayef MT, Abd Rabou AN, Abu Foul AA, GhabayenSM, ElsinwarHM.2014.Microbial water quality of coastal recreational water in the Gaza Strip,Palestine. Nusantara Bioscience 6:26-32.Wastewater disposal into the Mediterranean coast of the Gaza Strip has many negative effects, whether on the environment or on human health, thus microbiological analysis of seawater samples was carried out. The microbial analysis was confined on two types of fecal indicators (fecal coliform and fecal streptococci), inaddition to a single type of bacteria (pseudomonas). This study was conducted between the beginning of July 2012 to the mid of October2012 over an area extended from the proposed Khan Younis fishing port to Gaza fishing port, with a length of about 23 km. The study area was divided into five zones.The samples were collected in two rounds: the first round included 75 samples that collected along thestudy areaduringthe summer season. The second round included 19 samples that collected in the autumn season to compare it with their counterparts that have been collected in the summer season. Laboratory analysis showed the presence of contamination in many of these samples. The results also showed that the pollution was concentrated in and surrounding the mouths of wastewater outfalls. Dependingon the microbial analyses, which have been collected in the first round, the fecal coliform appeared in 61% ofthe samples, while fecal streptococci appeared in all samples and pseudomonas appeared in 33% of the samples. The pollutants were widespread along the study area, which are the result mainly from wastewater discharge into the sea.A risk analysis was done for season variations using the secondmoment method; ingeneral, it was found that risk in both seasons was high especially in summer.

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Mazen Abualtayef

Papers

Numerical modeling of brine disposal from Gaza central seawater desalination plant

Stochastic time-series models for drought assessment in the Gaza Strip (Palestine)

The impact of gaza fishing harbour on the mediterranean coast of gaza

Evaluation of the effect of water management interventions on water level of Gaza coastal aquifer

Microbial water quality of coastal recreational water in the Gaza Strip, Palestine