Principle Component Analysis

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2041-210X.13075

Machine learning for image based species identification

Deep learning and transfer learning features for plankton classification

\n It is interesting to develop effective fish sampling techniques using underwater videos and image processing to automatically estimate and consequently monitor the fish biomass and assemblage in water bodies. Such approaches should be robust against substantial variations in scenes due to poor luminosity, orientation of fish, seabed structures, movement of aquatic plants in the background and image diversity in the shape and texture among fish of different species. Keeping this challenge in mind, we propose a unified approach to detect freely moving fish in unconstrained underwater environments using a Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network, a state-of-the-art machine learning technique used to solve generic object detection and localization problems. To train the neural network, we employ a novel approach to utilize motion information of fish in videos via background subtraction and optical flow, and subsequently combine the outcomes with the raw image to generate fish-dependent candidate regions. We use two benchmark datasets extracted from a large Fish4Knowledge underwater video repository, Complex Scenes dataset and the LifeCLEF 2015 fish dataset to validate the effectiveness of our hybrid approach. We achieve a detection accuracy (F-Score) of 87.44% and 80.02% respectively on these datasets, which advocate the utilization of our approach for fish detection task.

Automatic fish detection in underwater videos by a deep neural network-based hybrid motion learning system

Evaluation of fish feeding intensity in aquaculture using a convolutional neural network and machine vision.

Deep learning, also known as deep machine learning or deep structured learning based techniques, have recently achieved tremendous success in digital image processing for object detection and classification. As a result, they are rapidly gaining popularity and attention from the computer vision research community. There has been a massive increase in the collection of digital imagery for the monitoring of underwater ecosystems, including seagrass meadows. This growth in image data has driven the need for automatic detection and classification using deep neural network based classifiers. This paper systematically describes the use of deep learning for underwater imagery analysis within the recent past. The analysis approaches are categorized according to the object of detection, and the features and deep learning architectures used are highlighted. It is concluded that there is a great scope for automation in the analysis of digital seabed imagery using deep neural networks, especially for the detection and monitoring of seagrass.

Deep learning on underwater marine object detection: A survey

Monitoring underwater habitats is a vital part of observing the condition of the environment. The detection and mapping of underwater vegetation, especially seagrass has drawn the attention of the research community as early as the nineteen eighties. Initially, this monitoring relied on in situ observation by experts. Later, advances in remote-sensing technology, satellite-monitoring techniques and, digital photo- and video-based techniques opened a window to quicker, cheaper, and, potentially, more accurate seagrass-monitoring methods. So far, for seagrass detection and mapping, digital images from airborne cameras, spectral images from satellites, acoustic image data using underwater sonar technology, and digital underwater photo and video images have been used to map the seagrass meadows or monitor their condition. In this article, we have reviewed the recent approaches to seagrass detection and mapping to understand the gaps of the present approaches and determine further research scope to monitor the ocean health more easily. We have identified four classes of approach to seagrass mapping and assessment: still image-, video data-, acoustic image-, and spectral image data-based techniques. We have critically analysed the surveyed approaches and found the research gaps including the need for quick, cheap and effective imaging techniques robust to depth, turbidity, location and weather conditions, fully automated seagrass detectors that can work in real-time, accurate techniques for estimating the seagrass density, and the availability of high computation facilities for processing large scale data. For addressing these gaps, future research should focus on developing cheaper image and video data collection techniques, deep learning based automatic annotation and classification, and real-time percentage-cover calculation.

Md. Moniruzzaman

Papers

Deep learning on underwater marine object detection: A survey

Imaging and Classification Techniques for Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring: A Comprehensive Survey.