Bangladesh is riverine country. There are many rivers in Bangladesh. The number of rivers in Bangladesh is often 700 (Secondary Geography), Often 310 and it also has 58 trans-boundary rivers (BBS, 2019; Wikipedia, 2019). It has total Length 24140 kilometers. The rivers contain water body huge amount, most of them used for agricultural land for irrigation to produce food products. A protected environment is needed to our comfortable and safe life. At present now, Environmental degradation, river bank erosion is a common factor in Bangladesh, and it’s increasing in day by day (Islam et al., 2017). Water is the most important part of our life. Because we use water every day, and it’s needed for human being or all plans, animals and aquatic life, etc. It is a natural renewable source any cultural or civilization depends on the Abstract

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Impact of Kapotaksha river water pollution on human health and environment

The confluence of the Ganges, Jamuna, and Padma rivers is one of the most dynamic in the world, an internationally important research area because of the confluence of two of the world's major rivers, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Morphological changes in this area have resulted in severe erosion along the banks. Riverbank erosion is one of Bangladesh's most critical issues, requiring a substantial solution. Riverbank erosion affects millions of people in Bangladesh each year because of erosion in this confluence zone. Consequently, understanding the morphological shifting pattern of the confluence is crucial. The research aims to quantify actual bank shifting near the confluence of the Ganges, Jamuna, and Padma rivers in terms of shifting rate and area during a 25-year period (1990–2015). The acquired satellite images were geo-referenced, and bank lines were digitized to carry out this research. The bank line is the linear construction that separates the outside boundary of the river channel from the floodplains. To assess channel width fluctuation, the distance between the extreme borders of the left and right banks, including mid-channel sandbars, was measured. This period is split into five stages, each lasting 5 years, to measure the maturity of change. Furthermore, the long-term trend from 1972 to 2015 is qualitatively discernible. Landsat satellite pictures were used to investigate this morphological change. The study provides current and reliable information on the planform dynamics of the Ganga–Jamuna confluence. This study will help design and implement drainage development plans and erosion control techniques in this crucial confluence zone. 

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Assessing the long-term planform dynamics of Ganges–Jamuna confluence with the aid of remote sensing and GIS

The argument that environmental change is an important driving force of migration has experienced a strong revival in the climate change context. We examine whether and how different environmental stressors aspire people to move. The analysis relies on newly collected, cross-sectional survey data of 1594 households residing in 36 villages along the 250 kilometers of the Jamuna River in Bangladesh – an area affected primarily by floods and riverbank erosion. The results show that long-term environmental events, i.e., riverbank erosion, increase aspirations for internal, permanent migration, while short-term environmental events, i.e., floods, do not affect migration aspirations. These results suggest that depending on the type of environmental change, people might prefer migrating rather than staying put and thus, they entail important policy implications regarding the effects of climate change on future internal migration flows.

Environmental change and migration aspirations: evidence from Bangladesh

Abstract Effective climate change adaptation requires a thorough understanding of whether and how affected populations perceive climatic and environmental changes. Existing research has been inconclusive regarding the consistency of these perceptions compared to objective meteorological indicators. Moreover, no systematic comparison has been done for the perception of discrete environmental events such as floods or erosion. This study relies on novel panel survey data of approximately 1700 households residing along the Jamuna River in Bangladesh as well as on unique individual-level, satellite-based erosion data. It compares respondents’ perceptions of environmental events, namely riverbank erosion, and three climate change indicators, specifically long-term temperature change and changes in precipitation during wet and dry seasons, to objective measurements using satellite imagery and climatic time-series data (CRU TS). The results suggest that erosion is strongly overestimated, especially by those respondents who had been personally affected by it. Long-term temperature change is perceived more accurately than long-term changes in precipitation. Given that educational attainment and climate change literacy among the study population are low, the findings indicate that global temperature increases are felt even by remote and uneducated populations who have never heard the term climate change. This has important policy implications since it suggests that knowledge and education about climate change are not a prerequisite for perceiving and potentially adapting to climatic changes. 

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Assessing perceptions of environmental change among a climate change-illiterate population from Bangladesh

Riparian communities in developing countries such as Bangladesh, whose livelihoods depend especially on fisheries and other subsistence activities, are under considerable pressure due to climate change. Therefore, there is a need to better understand how the dynamics of riparian communities are influenced by climate change and how its impacts can be assessed. Using Bangladesh as an example, this paper describes the various climate stressors affecting riparian communities and their socio‐economic impacts, and it outlines some measures needed to increase their resilience to a changing climate. The results show that riparian communities are not only quite vulnerable to the impacts of climate change but also have a rather low level of resilience. This challenge can, at least in part, be attributed to their fragile living conditions, which intensify the socio‐economic impacts of extreme events. One lesson from the paper is that handling climate‐induced risks in riparian communities requires implementing strategic measures to improve local climate and livelihood resilience, such as effective public health infrastructure and a resilient built environment. Win‐win scenarios comprise strategies that offer multiple benefits including better water storage, flood control, and improved riparian habitats.

https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/630474/8/River%20Research%20%20%20Apps%20-%202022%20-%20Leal%20Filho%20-%20Understanding%20the%20socio%E2%80%90economic%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20riparian.pdf

Understanding the socio‐economic impacts of climate change on riparian communities in Bangladesh

This research aims to identify the morphological changes of the Padma River due to the effects of anthropogenic climate change. The morphological changes were measured by aerial satellite images and their historical comparison, terrestrial survey, sedimentation in the riverbed, water flow, water discharge, siltation, and erosion along the river, etc. The Padma River has been analyzed over the period from 1971 to 2020 using multi-temporal Landsat images and long-term water flow data. The climatic parameters data related to temperature and rainfall were collected from 21 metrological stations distributed throughout Bangladesh over a 50-year period (1965-2015) to evaluate the magnitude of these changes statistically and spatially. The Padma, traditionally considered as a dominantly meandering river, is switching over into a braided river due to its highly susceptible nature of erosion and deposition. Results reveal that the tidal range is high during the dry season and increases from upstream to downstream of the river. Climate change may bring changes upstream by changing rainfall intensity, flood severity, and extreme temperature. More inundation can occur due to sedimentation, and more bank erosion can occur at the same time. An exponential increase of morphological activity with increased river flow, water discharge, bank erosion might substantially increase in the future. The changes in the flow introduced by climate change would impact the morphology of the Padma River of Bangladesh during the monsoon. A major change has been observed in the location of the bank and channel, as well as bars, along with their geometry and morphology over time. It is also observed that the bank line is not stable and migrated continuously. The overall width of the Padma River is varied significantly during the last 50 years. Maps and Landsat images represented that the river channel is shifting abnormally. Both climatic parameters and anthropogenic activity play an important role in fish biology and production. From this study, it is hypothesized that this assessment’s findings might help understand the overall hydrodynamic and morphological nature of the Padma River. It will suggest possible future developmental works that might be implemented on this river.

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Md. Sirazum Munir

Papers

Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interferences for the Morphological Changes of the Padma River in Bangladesh