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Research methods in social relations

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

Buildings are among the largest consumers of electricity in the US. A significant portion of this energy use in buildings can be attributed to HVAC systems used to maintain comfort for occupants. In most cases these building HVAC systems run on fixed schedules and do not employ any fine grained control based on detailed occupancy information. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a presence sensor platform that can be used for accurate occupancy detection at the level of individual offices. Our presence sensor is low-cost, wireless, and incrementally deployable within existing buildings. Using a pilot deployment of our system across ten offices over a two week period we identify significant opportunities for energy savings due to periods of vacancy. Our energy measurements show that our presence node has an estimated battery lifetime of over five years, while detecting occupancy accurately. Furthermore, using a building simulation framework and the occupancy information from our testbed, we show potential energy savings from 10% to 15% using our system.

[ACM Press the 2nd ACM Workshop - Zurich, Switzerland (2010.11.02-2010.11.02)] Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Building - BuildSys \'10 - Occupancy-driven energy management for smart building automation

Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review

Globally information and communication technology (ICT) has become a potent force for transforming social economic and political life. Yet the uneven distribution of ICT within societies and across the globe is resulting in a digital divide between those who have access to information resources and those who do not. Thus digital divide has become a central international development concern as the third most important issue facing women globally after poverty and violence against women. It is noted that ICT holds tremendous potential for improving the lives of women and their families including opportunities for employment education political empowerment access to resources and information and communication. It is imperative therefore that the gender divide dimension of the digital divide be considered early in the process of ICT diffusion. As such a focus and timely effort to provide women and girls with ICT education and skills can enable them to compete successfully in the global information economy and play a leadership role in its development.

Gender, information technology, and developing countries : an analytic study : executive summary

Cloud-based systems are relevant and effective in home automation systems, automobile sector, agricultural sector and health sector In agriculture, several methods were deployed to tackle and sustain the food production This paper discusses the development of a cloud-based monitoring platform to monitor agricultural resource We implemented a compact approach, thus using 4duino and relevant sensors to achieve data transfer to our self-implemented cloud platform Soil moisture (percentage volumetric water content), humidity, ambient temperature, dew point and soil temperature were used as variables for monitoring We discuss the implementation of cloud computing to the agricultural sector This paper discusses a compact approach to enhance agricultural resource through the cloud-based monitoring of relating factors

Development of a Cloud-Based Monitoring System Using 4Duino: Applications in Agriculture

Renewable energy source (RES) is now notable in the rural and urban environment for energy sources in households and certain communities This reduces the cost of energy from the national grid, and also promotes sustainability Renewable energy is a solution for service delivery and it can be deployed and assessed by anyone for electric power, particularly in a suburb or rural environment In this paper, we propose a field renewable energy source for two zones in a rural community in order to eliminate the load shedding from the national utility grid Our focus is to create a model that explores the options for eliminating load shedding of electric power in Tafelkop community, minimizing the cost of energy sources while considering the environmental emissions Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software for resolving microgrid complexities was used for the analysis The results showed an improvement of constant load power at the reduce cost of energy to every household

Developing a Microgrid for Tafelkop Using HOMER

Ghana currently has no future energy strategic plan or framework for its generation system apart from the Energy Policy developed by the Energy Commission (EC). The EC based its research on the year 2000 parameters and estimated the energy system up to 2020, which cannot entirely address the current challenges facing the energy sector. The main objective of this paper is to develop an integrated energy planning (IEP) framework for Ghana as a guideline for addressing energy challenges, to promote energy efficiency in both demand and transmission, CO
 2
 emissions reduction, and the utilization of renewable energy sources (RES). The methods used are content analysis, multiple case study, and procedure for IEP framework development. The primary computer tool used for the analysis and future energy projections was Long-range Energy Alternative Planning. The demand forecast was performed using key input parameters, including Gross Domestic Product, population change and urbanization. The overall results of this study suggest 40% of non-conventional renewable energy resources into the country's energy mix, proposed energy efficiency promotion in both demand and transmission, and the utilization of RES integration to save the nation up to about 40% CO
 2
 emissions reduction. The paper recommends strategies to reduce losses in the transmission and distribution systems of Ghana. The paper again recommends the revenues accrued from the carbon tax for maintenance work on the existing equipment, and finally, an integrated energy planning framework was developed to serve as a roadmap for Ghana's energy sector up to the year 2050.

/pdf/energy-framework-and-policy-direction-guidelines-ghana-2017-36ylhmq90c.pdf

Energy Framework and Policy Direction Guidelines: Ghana 2017–2050 Perspectives

Access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can have dramatic impact on poverty alleviation for rural women and for achieving socio economic development goals. Rural women need to treat ICTs as an empowerment tool and a means to a living. The use of mobile communication devices and internet are changing the way agricultural activities are managed by farmers nowadays. Rural women’s lack of mobility and less hands-on computer experience might hinder women’s welfare and empowerment. This paper analyses how use of the telephony (both cellular and land line), internet and other ICTs can benefit rural women in educational, business and economic sector. Women in rural India and rural South Africa were marginalized partly due to their lack of ability in being vocal when it comes to empowering themselves using ICTs due to cultural norms in India, and apartheid in South Africa. Over the years, unlike other developing countries, the above-mentioned countries have its unique ICT projects meant for empowering rural women. This paper is driven from the authors’ commitment for rural development and rural women empowerment. It highlights different low-cost ICT initiatives and strategies taken by women’s organizations, various companies and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for rural women empowerment. The paper also highlights various factors influencing use of internet and mobile phone adoption by rural women. Various bottlenecks for the community projects, factors de-motivating the use of mobile phones and internet by rural women and possible solutions for these are also mentioned.

/pdf/convergence-opportunities-and-factors-influencing-the-use-of-53xusctcwd.pdf

Convergence opportunities and factors influencing the use of internet and telephony by rural women in South Africa and India towards empowerment

One of the prime ingredients for rural development in developing countries is information access. Although the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) revolution in these countries has gained momentum, most of the farming communities still have no access to value added information. The agricultural researcher and the farming community need to enhance their knowledge by increased dasiafarmer participationpsila in research. This paper makes a strong case for the use of participatory approaches involving farming community for development and adoption of ICT in the agricultural sector. It acknowledges that farmers are knowledgeable and encourages researchers to work with farmers and development workers for agricultural improvements. This paper discusses how digital ICT developed by means of participatory learning and action research can spur development and eradicate poverty by providing services to farmers in rural areas. It also highlights how participatory approaches can empower collective groups of farmers and help to put decision-making in the hands of the farmers. Although no single ICT will be satisfactory for farmers, the use of a wide range of ICTs in agriculture can improve the livelihood of the farmers in rural areas and help in their socio-economic growth. The paper focuses on various participatory approaches such as participatory communication and participatory learning for effective use of ICTs in agricultural domain. It highlights how participatory approaches can assist in dasiaparticipatory information and communication technology developmentpsila for rural farming community.

Meera K. Joseph

Papers

Development of a Cloud-Based Monitoring System Using 4Duino: Applications in Agriculture

Developing a Microgrid for Tafelkop Using HOMER

Energy Framework and Policy Direction Guidelines: Ghana 2017–2050 Perspectives

Convergence opportunities and factors influencing the use of internet and telephony by rural women in South Africa and India towards empowerment

Participatory approaches for the development and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) for rural farmers