Waste biomass adsorbents for copper removal from industrial wastewater--a review.

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Unit Operations Of Chemical Engineering

Biomass derived porous carbon for CO2 capture

The heterogeneous photocatalytic water purification process has gained wide attention due to its effectiveness in degrading and mineralizing the recalcitrant organic compounds as well as the possibility of utilizing the solar UV and visible light spectrum. This paper aims to review and summarize the recently published works in the field of photocatalytic oxidation of toxic organic compounds such as phenols and dyes, predominant in waste water effluent. In this review, the effects of various operating parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of phenols and dyes are presented. Recent findings suggested that different parameters, such as type of photocatalyst and composition, light intensity, initial substrate concentration, amount of catalyst, pH of the reaction medium, ionic components in water, solvent types, oxidizing agents/electron acceptors, mode of catalyst application, and calcinations temperature can play an important role on the photocatlytic degradation of organic compounds in water environment. Extensive research has focused on the enhancement of photocatalysis by modification of TiO2 employing metal, non-metal and ion doping. Recent advances in TiO2 photocatalysis for the degradation of various phenols and dyes are also highlighted in this review.

Advances in heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of phenols and dyes in wastewater : a review

The adsorption isotherm, the adsorption kinetics, and the thermodynamic parameters of ammonium removal from aqueous solution by using clinoptilolite in aqueous solution was investigated in this study. Experimental data obtained from batch equilibrium tests have been analyzed by four two-parameter (Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)) and four three-parameter (Redlich-Peterson (R-P), Sips, Toth and Khan) isotherm models. D-R and R-P isotherms were the models that best fitted to experimental data over the other two- and three-parameter models applied. The adsorption energy (E) from the D-R isotherm was found to be approximately 7 kJ/mol for the ammonium-clinoptilolite system, thereby indicating that ammonium is adsorbed on clinoptilolite by physisorption. Kinetic parameters were determined by analyzing the nth-order kinetic model, the modified second-order model and the double exponential model, and each model resulted in a coefficient of determination (R2) of above 0.989 with an average relative error lower than 5%. A Double Exponential Model (DEM) showed that the adsorption process develops in two stages as rapid and slow phase. Changes in standard free energy (∆G°), enthalpy (∆H°) and entropy (∆S°) of ammonium-clinoptilolite system were estimated by using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/3/970/pdf?y=1

Ammonium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Clinoptilolite: Determination of Isotherm and Thermodynamic Parameters and Comparison of Kinetics by the Double Exponential Model and Conventional Kinetic Models

A comprehensive study on removal and recovery of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by NaOH-pretreated Marrubium globosum ssp. globosum leaves powder: potential for utilizing the copper(II) condensed desorption solutions in agricultural applications.

This study aimed to determine the Pb+2 adsorption capacities of hazelnut shell and activated carbon obtained from hazelnut shell. It also aimed to determine the effect of ZnCl2 in the activation process. The hazelnut was pyrolyzed at 250 and 700 °C. For determining the capture speed of the adsorbents, the pseudo-first- and second-order kinetic studies were performed. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to determine adsorption equilibrium. The surface characterization of hazelnut shell and activated carbon was determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and FTIR spectrum. Pb+2 adsorption capacity of obtaining activated carbon was determined by ICP-OES analysis. The raw hazelnut shell’s BET surface area is 5.92 m2/g and the surface area of activated carbons which is pyrolyzed at 250 and 700 °C were determined (270.2 and 686.7 m2/g, respectively. The surface area of hazelnut shell, which pyrolyzed at 700 °C after being activated with ZnCl2, was determined to be 736.49 m2/g. Results show that physical adsorption process is dominant for the activated carbon pyrolysis at 700 °C but the chemical adsorption is dominant for the activated carbon pyrolysis at lower degrees and for raw hazelnut shell.

Determination of lead(II) sorption capacity of hazelnut shell and activated carbon obtained from hazelnut shell activated with ZnCl2

In this study, raw hazelnut shells were used to obtain charcoal by pyrolysis at 250°C. The obtained material was subjected to physical, chemical, and physicochemical treatment methods to obtain activated carbons (ACs). Effect of the treatment procedures was determined by measuring the surface area of the produced ACs. In addition, changes in the functional groups of the obtained ACs during these treatments were determined with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). To determine the most effective chemical agent, the charcoal samples were examined for Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions under different pH conditions of 4 to 6. According to the results, the most effective chemical agent was determined as Ca(OCl)2. Effect of microwave and ultrasound treatments was also examined during Pb(II) adsorption by the chemically treated AC. The results showed that chemical treatment with Ca(OCl)2, microwave treatment for 5 minutes, ultrasound treatment for 20 minutes, and pyrolysis at 700°C together were the most suitable combination enhancing the surface area of the adsorbent. This combination increased the surface area and the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent by 202 and 4.76 times, respectively, when compared to those of the raw hazelnut shell.

/pdf/investigation-of-the-changes-in-surface-area-and-ft-ir-240iolzhfl.pdf

Investigation of the Changes in Surface Area and FT-IR Spectra of Activated Carbons Obtained from Hazelnut Shells by Physicochemical Treatment Methods

The objective of this article is to investigate the adsorption of aqueous solution dye using Cordia myxa as the target adsorbent. In the adsorption experiments Cordia myxa fruits were used in raw form, treated with ZnCl 2 and sonic wave. Experimental studies have shown that C.I. Disperse Blue 56 (C.I.D.B 56) dye of active carbon obtained at the maximum of pH 7 is obtained. The adsorption process was completed in 60 minutes and about 80% was completed in the first 30 minutes. The best adsorption took place at 25°C. All adsorption events are pseudo 2nd degree of reaction kinetics, adsorption equilibrium is Freundlich Isotermine fit. The use of sonic waveguide in active carbon preparation increased the surface area 2,5 times. Sonic wave cavitation bubbles created new pores when viewed from SEM photographs. In particular, it has been determined that sonic waveguide is an effective method for preparing activated carbon. When thermodynamic parameters are taken into account, it is determined that no external energy is required for the adsorption to occur and the physical events are more dominant in the adsorption.

/pdf/investigation-of-dyes-adsorption-with-activated-carbon-433aa4dbw3.pdf

Investigation of Dyes Adsorption with Activated Carbon Obtained from Cordia myxa

Nowadays environmental damage of heavy metals is increasing and that becomes a big problem for human and human health. Especially after the industrial revolution, increasing of production and consumption materials, adversely affect the environment. Among all the pollutions, heavy metal is an important part. Because they are toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. The most widely used process is activated carbon adsorption for heavy metal adsorption from wastewater. Activated carbon can produce from carbon containing substances. Turkey is an important rose oil producer of the world and every year over 12 000 tons of rose processing wastes produced. In this study, activated carbon was obtained from rose crops of rose oil factories. There are some activation methods for increasing surface area of the carbon. In this study, potassium chlorate (KClO3) was used for increasing carbons surface area. KClO3 never used before for activation. The thermal decomposition of KClO3 (potassium chlorate) generates KCl and O2 gas. Effects of O2 gas outlet on the pore size of activated carbon were studied. The surface characterization was examined with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and Pb+2 adsorption capacity of obtaining activated carbon was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) analysis.

/pdf/recycling-of-rose-wastes-to-activated-carbon-with-ecological-16jt51wq6g.pdf

Mehmet Kılıç

Papers

A comprehensive study on removal and recovery of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by NaOH-pretreated Marrubium globosum ssp. globosum leaves powder: potential for utilizing the copper(II) condensed desorption solutions in agricultural applications.

Determination of lead(II) sorption capacity of hazelnut shell and activated carbon obtained from hazelnut shell activated with ZnCl2

Investigation of the Changes in Surface Area and FT-IR Spectra of Activated Carbons Obtained from Hazelnut Shells by Physicochemical Treatment Methods

Investigation of Dyes Adsorption with Activated Carbon Obtained from Cordia myxa

Recycling of Rose Wastes to Activated Carbon with Ecologıcal Precursor