COVID-19, a new strain of coronavirus (CoV), was identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019. No specific therapies are available and investigations regarding COVID-19 treatment are lacking. Liu et al. (2020) successfully crystallised the COVID-19 main protease (Mpro), which is a potential drug target. The present study aimed to assess bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants as potential COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors, using a molecular docking study. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock 4.2, with the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm, to analyse the probability of docking. COVID-19 Mpro was docked with several compounds, and docking was analysed by Autodock 4.2, Pymol version 1.7.4.5 Edu, and Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Nelfinavir and lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. The binding energies obtained from the docking of 6LU7 with native ligand, nelfinavir, lopinavir, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin-7-glucoside, demethoxycurcumin, naringenin, apigenin-7-glucoside, oleuropein, curcumin, catechin, epicatechin-gallate, zingerol, gingerol, and allicin were -8.37, -10.72, -9.41, -8.58, -8.47, -8.17, -7.99, -7.89, -7.83, -7.31, -7.05, -7.24, -6.67, -5.40, -5.38, and -4.03 kcal/mol, respectively. Therefore, nelfinavir and lopinavir may represent potential treatment options, and kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin-7-glucoside, demethoxycurcumin, naringenin, apigenin-7-glucoside, oleuropein, curcumin, catechin, and epicatechin-gallate appeared to have the best potential to act as COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors. However, further research is necessary to investigate their potential medicinal use.

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Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (M pro ) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study

Cheese whey constitutes one of the most polluting by-products of the food industry, due to its high organic load. Thus, in order to mitigate the environmental concerns, a large number of valorization approaches have been reported; mainly targeting the recovery of whey proteins and whey lactose from cheese whey for further exploitation as renewable resources. Most studies are predominantly focused on the separate implementation, either of whey protein or lactose, to configure processes that will formulate value-added products. Likewise, approaches for cheese whey valorization, so far, do not exploit the full potential of cheese whey, particularly with respect to food applications. Nonetheless, within the concept of integrated biorefinery design and the transition to circular economy, it is imperative to develop consolidated bioprocesses that will foster a holistic exploitation of cheese whey. Therefore, the aim of this article is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the conversion of whey to high value-added products, focusing on food applications. Moreover, novel integrated biorefining concepts are proposed, to inaugurate the complete exploitation of cheese whey to formulate novel products with diversified end applications. Within the context of circular economy, it is envisaged that high value-added products will be reintroduced in the food supply chain, thereby enhancing sustainability and creating “zero waste” processes.

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/8/8/347/pdf

Cheese Whey Processing: Integrated Biorefinery Concepts and Emerging Food Applications.

The purpose of this study was to reduce the hemolysis of artificial red blood cells by extracting phospolipids from egg yolk through microencapsulation to evaluate the oxygen transfer rate of artificial red blood cells in an intravascular artificial lung device. In this study, hemosome was produced to encapsulate hemoglobin which extracted the red blood cell of bovine blood with phospolipids reduced egg yolk. The solution blended blood with hemosome at the rate of 4 to 1 and normal blood measured the oxygen transfer rate. The hemolysis of the microencapsulated artificial red blood cell measured less than the normal red blood cell through absorptivity. Due to the phospolipids enclosing the red blood cell to protect it, the produced hemosome operated at a higher oxygen transfer rate by reducing the demolition of hemoglobin. Consequently, hemolysis was observed to advance through micoencapsulation.

Microencapsulation 헤모글로빈 인공적혈구의 용혈

INTRODUCTION An increasing number of studies suggest that the use of probiotics may have a beneficial effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the ability of probiotics to modify selected cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were thoroughly reviewed up to January 2015 to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of probiotics on selected modifiable cardiometabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. The following endpoints were considered: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin concentration, insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), as well as the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols, and C-reactive protein (CRP). A total of 571 RCTs were initially identified, of which 8 trials with 438 individuals were selected for meta-analysis. The effects of probiotics were calculated for each parameter. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed a significant effect of probiotics on reducing HbA1c levels (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.81; confidence interval [CI], -1.33 to -0.29, P = 0.0023; I2 = 68.44%; P = 0.0421 for heterogeneity) and HOMA-IR (SMD, -2.10; CI -3.00 to -1.20, P <0.001; I2 = 82.91%; P = 0.0029 for heterogeneity). Supplementation with probiotics did not have a significant effect on FPG, insulin, and CRP levels as well as the lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that probiotic supplementation might improve, at least to some extent, metabolic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. However, larger well-designed, longterm RCTs are needed to confirm any potentially beneficial relationship between the use of probiotics and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Effectiveness of probiotics in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.

Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin are photosynthetic pigments extracted from microalgae with great biotechnological potential due to their intense colors, fluorescent properties and potential health benefits. Their principal applications are as nutritional supplements, natural colorants in foods and cosmetics, and as a reagent for immunological assays. However, the main challenges for their commercialization and implementation in food and cosmetic applications are their low yield during production and limited chemical instability. This review compares the use of different methods to increase biomass and pigment production yield, including the mechanisms associated with the microorganisms adaptative response to different light wavelengths. It also explores different methods reported to improve phycocyanin and phycoerythrin chemical stability and commercially available products.

Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin: Strategies to improve production yield and chemical stability

The bioactive compound of hyptolide has been isolated from an Indonesian plant Hyptis pectinata using various solvents. The pure compound was then used as a standard in quantitative analysis using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy in ethanol (E Eth ), ethyl acetate (E Ea ), acetone (E ac ) and hexane (E hex ) extract each earned 3.14%, 0.01%, 1.33% and 0.04% (dry weight per sample). The standard curve of hyptolide using UV spectroscopy has been obtained with the coefficient of relationship (r) of 0.997. However, the use of spectroscopy was not recommended for the standardization of hyptolide in the extract due to interference from other compounds that absorb the same wavelength. Furthermore, the toxicity test using the Brine Shrimp lethality test shows LC 50 value of 92-181 ppm, which was in E Ea compared to E Eth , E ac , and E hex .

/pdf/total-hyptolide-of-indonesian-hyptis-pectinata-extracts-in-a-48aaeso7js.pdf

Total Hyptolide of Indonesian Hyptis pectinata extracts in a various solvent using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy and their toxicities

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012118/pdf

Growth profile of Aspergillus niger on red galangal rhizomes as shown by bioactive compound changes

Utilization of carrageenan and chitosan as coating material in phycocyanin encapsulation

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012032/pdf

Anti-leukaemia of fermented product of methanol extract Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit leaf

Pimpinella alpina Molk yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini belum pernah dilaporkan oleh peneliti-peneliti sebelumnya. Kemotaksonomi tanaman ini telah pula didiskusikan dalam laporan ini. Dan fraksi polar (etil asetat dan metanol) telah berhasil pula diperoleh senyawa murni, namun penentuan struktur molekul belum dapat dari kristal tersebut belum dapat ditentukan struktur molekulnya. Selain itu, dari hasil penelitian ini pula telah berhasil diidentifikasi konstituen minyak atsiri dari tanaman Purwoceng. Komponen utama dari kandungan minyak atsiri dari tanaman ini adalah senyawa germacren dan fl-elemen, serla komponen minor lain, seperti champhen, fl-pinen, limonen, champor, a-terpinen, 13-kariopilen, borneol, 11-selinen, aromadendren, curzeren dan epi curzerenon.
Selanjutnya, uji aktivitas afrodisiak secara sistematik terhadap beberapa fraksi dari tanaman Pimpinella alpina Molk dilakukan menggunakan pengujian libido pada mencit jantan menggunakan CMC 1% dan asetaminophen 140mg/kg bb sebagai kontrol, dengan perlakuan dosis suspensi masing-masing ekstrak 75 mg/kg bb. Data diolah dengan SPSS, adanya perbedaan data aktivitas menggunakan analisis ANAVA.
Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa kelompok suspensi ekstrak kloroform mempunyai aktivitas afrodisiak paling tinggi dibanding empat ekstrak lainnya, berturut-turut menunjukkan latensi penunggangan 4,27menit, latensi intromisi 8,72menit, latensi ejakulasi 12,25menit, jumlah penunggangan 10,4kali dan jumlah intromisi 6,6kali. Semua data uji aktifitas dari fraksi-fraksi yang diperoleh menunjukkan perbedaan nyata dengan kelompok kontrol.
Semua hasil penelitian dua tahun ini dapat memberikan informasi yang orisinil dan dapat membuka peluang tak terbatas bagi penelitian-penelitian yang lebih bersifat aplikatif, khususnya setelah ditemukannya fraksi baru yang bersifat afrodisiak. Pena{Alan kearah fitofarmaka terhadap hasil ini akan terus dilakukan secara intensif oleh Kelompok Bahan Alam Universitas Diponegoro, bekerjasama dengan pihak-pihak terkait. Selain itu, beberapa data dari hasil penelitian ini telah dapat dipublikasikan dalam jurnal terakreditasi dan pertemuan-pertemuan ilmiah.

Purwoceng (Pimpinella alpina, Molk) yang merupakan tanaman langka dan khas Jawa Tengah, selama ini dikenal sebagai obat penggugah hasrat seksual (afrodisiak). Dosis dan formulasi dari tanaman ini dalam meningkatkan vitalitas telah diteliti oleh Kelompok Kimia Bahan Alam Universitas Diponegoro, dan telah terdatar untuk dibuat patentnya. Guna meningkatkan potency tanaman tersebut, penelitian yang intensif, khususnya kajian kimiawi, perlu dilakukan.
Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, pada penelitian ini, telah dikumpulkan kembali bahan tanaman Pimpinella alpina Molk yang dijadikan sasaran (targeted plant) dari daerah Pegunungan Dieng. Koleksi ini diikuti oleh penyelidikan awal melalui "screening phytochemistry", untuk memperoleh data golongan senyawa organic. Hasil analisis awal menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak total etanol tanaman purwoceng mengandung komponen golongan triterpenoid/steroid, alkaloid dan Flavonoid. Fraksinasi dan purifikasi terhadap crude tersebut telah dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom vakum, berturut-turut menggunakan pelarut yang paling non polar sampai ke polar, untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai "chemical constituent" dalam tanaman tersebut.
Dad fraksi non polar (heksana) telah berhasil diisolasi satu kristal murni, dengan titik leleh 154-155°C. Analisis senyawa tersebut dengan gas kromatografi-spektroskopi massa dapat dibuktikan adanya senyawa stigmatosterol, yakni komponen bioaktif dari golongan triterpenoid yang untuk pertamakalinya dapat dilaporkan dari tanaman Purwoceng. Selanjutnya dari fraksi semipolar (kloroform), telah pula berhasil diperoleh kristal murni dengan titik leleh 56°C, yang selanjutnya setelah dianalisis dengan spektroskopi dapat diusulkan sebagai senyawa germacron. Komponen bioaktif kedua yang berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman ini merupakan senyawa penanda, "marker plant", dalam genus pimpinella. Beberapa senyawa asam lemak, seperti heksadekanoat dan oktadekanoat, telah pula berhasil diidentifikasi keberadaannya dalam spesies ini. Penting dicatat bahwa semua komponen kimia dari spesies

Meiny Suzery

Papers

Total Hyptolide of Indonesian Hyptis pectinata extracts in a various solvent using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy and their toxicities

Growth profile of Aspergillus niger on red galangal rhizomes as shown by bioactive compound changes

Utilization of carrageenan and chitosan as coating material in phycocyanin encapsulation

Anti-leukaemia of fermented product of methanol extract Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit leaf

PRODUKSI SENYAWA AFRODISIAK DARI PURWOCENG(Pimpinella alpina Molk): PENGEMBANGAN POTENSI"NATURAL RESOURCES" KHAS JAWA TENGAH