The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is grown worldwide for its high protein and oil contents. Characterization of soybean seed components lends itself to understanding how soybean production can meet the needs of a growing world population. For this article, literature was reviewed and condensed to create a well-rounded picture of the current understanding of structural, functional, and nutritional properties of soybean components. Natural variation in soybean protein, lipid, and carbohydrate components, as well as the minor constituents phytic acid and isoflavones, are mentioned. Environment- or genetic-induced shifts in natural variation are described with respect to nutrition and functional improvements in soybean.

Current Knowledge in Soybean Composition

BACKGROUND: Since the invasion of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Syd. & P. Syd.) in Brazil, there have been detrimental yield losses of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Disease management is mainly based on fungicide treatment. The sensitivity of single P. pachyhrizi isolates towards different demethylation-inhibitors (DMIs) and quinone-outside-inhibitors (QoI) was surveyed and the corresponding resistance mechanisms were analysed. RESULTS: The QoI-response remained stable, while a loss of sensitivity towards DMIs occurred. Molecular analyses ofcytochrome b showed an intron after codon 143 which is reported to prevent the development of a G143A mutation. Analysis of cyp51 revealed that point mutations and overexpression are involved in the sensitivity reduction towards DMIs. Of the detected mutations, Y131F and Y131H, respectively, and K142R are likely homologous to mutations found in other pathogens. As suggested by modelling studies, these three mutations as well as additional mutations F120L, I145F and I475T correlate to increased effective doses of 50%, ED50-values, towards all tested DMIs. Furthermore, a constitutive up-regulation of the cyp51-gene up to ten-fold was noticed in some of the DMI-adapted isolates, while all sensitive isolates responded as the wild type. CONCLUSION: The G143A mutation is thought to result in significant as well as stable resistance factors towards QoIs, while other mutations play only a minor role. Since G143A development is prevented in Phakopsora pachyhrizi, a stable control of soybean rust with QoIs in future is rather likely. In contrast, a shifting in sensitivity towards DMIs has been observed, which is due to multiple independent mechanisms. c � 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

https://www.embrapa.br/documents/1355202/1529289/Schmitz_et_al-2014-Pest_Management_Science.pdf/7a247a40-41ee-4048-8a6f-35720dea237f

Sensitivity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi towards quinone-outside-inhibitors and demethylation-inhibitors, and corresponding resistance mechanisms.

Evolution of rain and photoperiod limitations on the soybean growing season in Brazil: The rise (and possible fall) of double-cropping systems

Yield Response to Planting Date Among Soybean Maturity Groups for Irrigated Production in the US Midsouth

Spring-sown crops are expected to have a higher risk of drought during summer in the next decades in Central Europe due to expected climate change. Therefore, a two-year experiment was conducted un...

Development, growth, and nitrogen use of autumn- and spring-sown facultative wheat

Effect of Planting Date on Soybean Growth, Yield, and Grain Quality: Review

Aimed at the problems of low reproductive coefficient and long seeding period for Mandevilla sanderi &lsquo;Sunparasol&rsquo;, the rapid propagation system was studied in this article. Research results showed as follows: The disinfectant and disinfection time for young stem segments of M.sanderi is 0.1% HgCl 2 for 3 min; When the culture medium is MS+6-BA 4 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L, the germination rate is as high as 93.33%; In the subculture stage, the number of multiplication and growth is strong in the medium of MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L, and the multiplication coefficient is 4.31; Sucrose concentration of 40 g/L can promote the growth of fine tissue culture seedlings; the optimum growth condition of test tube seedlings is the best when 1~2 mg/L of CCC is added; The suitable rooting medium is 1/2MS+NAA 0.1 mg/L, the rooting rate is 83.33%, and the average rooting number is 4.3. The above-mentioned establishment of tissue culture rapid propagation system has important guiding significance for the large-scale production of M.sanderi . 

/pdf/establishment-of-tissue-culture-and-rapid-propagation-system-uewkf1s6.pdf

Mengxuan Hu

Papers

Effect of Planting Date on Soybean Growth, Yield, and Grain Quality: Review

Establishment of Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation System on Mandevilla sanderi

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4-aminopiperidine derivatives as SMO/ERK dual inhibitors.