物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Normal accidents. Living with high-risk technologies

Thank you very much for reading cognition in the wild. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this cognition in the wild, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their laptop. cognition in the wild is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the cognition in the wild is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Cognition In The Wild

Cognitive engineering

Text-only CMC has been claimed to be interactionally incoherent due to limitations imposed by messaging systems on turn-taking and reference, yet its popularity continues to grow. In an attempt to resolve this apparent paradox, this study evaluates the coherence of computer-mediated interaction by surveying research on cross-turn coherence. The results reveal a high degree of disrupted adjacency, overlapping exchanges, and topic decay. Two explanations are proposed to account for the popularity of CMC despite its relative incoherence: the ability of users to adapt to the medium, and the advantages of loosened coherence for heightened interactivity and language play.

Interactional Coherence in CMC

In this article we present a new approach to interaction modeling based on the concept of information resources. The approach is inspired by recent distributed cognition (DC) literature but develops a model that applies specifically to human-computer interaction (HCI) modeling. Of course, there are many approaches to modeling HCI, and the motivation of this article is not to offer yet another approach. Rather, our motivation is that the recent developments in DC are so obviously relevant to HCI modeling and design, yet the ideas have lacked visibility in the HCI community. By providing a model whose concepts are rooted in DC concepts, we hope to achieve this visibility. DC research identifies resources for action as central to the interaction between people and technologies, but it stops short of providing a definition of such resources at a level that could be used to analyze interaction. The resources model described in this article defines a limited number of resource types as abstract information structures that can be used to analyze interaction. We demonstrate how these abstract types can be represented differently in an interface. The resources model uses the concept of interaction strategy to describe the way in which different configurations of resources can differently shape users' actions. These 2 components of the resources model (information structures and interaction strategies), through the process of coordination and integration, provide a link among devices, representations, and actions that is not well articulated in the DC literature.

/pdf/analyzing-human-computer-interaction-as-distributed-8274f9jtez.pdf

Analyzing human-computer interaction as distributed cognition: the resources model

Preface Contributors 1. The role of formal methods in human-computer interaction Michael Harrison and Harold Thimbleby 2. HCI formalisms and cognitive psychology: the case of Task-Action Grammar Franz Schiele and Thomas Green 3. Putting design into practice: formal specification and the user interface Roger Took 4. Non-determinism as a paradigm for understanding the user interface Alan Dix 5. A state model of direct manipulation in interactive systems Michael Harrison and Alan Dix 6. Specification, analysis and refinement of interactive processes Bernard Sufrin and Jifeng He 7. From abstract models to functional prototypes Colin Runciman 8. Designing abstractions for communication control Gilbert Cockton 9. Structuring dialogues using CSP Heather Alexander Bibliography Index.

Formal methods in human-computer interaction

In this paper, we describe an approach to allocation of function that makes use of scenarios as its basic unit of analysis. Our use of scenarios is driven by a desire to ensure that allocation decisions are sensitive to the context in which the system will be used and by insights from economic utility theory. We use the scenarios to focus the attention of decision makers on the relative costs and benefits of developing automated support for the activities of the scenario, the relative impact of functions on the performance of the operator's primary role and on the relative demands placed on an operator within the scenario. By focussing on relative demands and relative costs, our method seeks to allocate the operator's limited resources to the most important and most productive tasks within the work system, and to direct the effort of the design organization to the development of automated support for those functions that deliver the greatest benefit for the effective operation of the integrated human–machine system.

/pdf/allocation-of-function-scenarios-context-and-the-economics-nwrhheivbr.pdf

Allocation of function: scenarios, context and the economics of effort

Recent accounts of accidents draw attention to “automation surprises” that arise in safety critical systems. An automation surprise can occur when a system behaves differently from the expectations of the operator. Interface mode changes are one class of such surprises that have significant impact on the safety of a dynamic interactive system. They may take place i>implicitly as a result of other system action. Formal specifications of interactive systems provide an opportunity to analyse problems that arise in such systems. In this paper we consider the role that an i>interactor based specification has as a partial model of an interactive system so that mode consequences can be checked early in the design process. We show how interactor specifications can be translated into the SMV model checker input language and how we can use such specifications in conjunction with the model checker to analyse potential for mode confusion in a realistic case. Our final aim is to develop a general purpose methodology for the automated analysis of interactive systems. This verification process can be useful in raising questions that have to be addressed in a broader context of analysis.

/pdf/model-checking-interactor-specifications-4rrpimapki.pdf

Model Checking Interactor Specifications

Although some progress has been made in the development of principles to guide the designers of interactive systems, ultimately the only proven method of checking how usable a particular system is must be based on experiment However, it is also the case that changes that occur at this late stage are very expensive The need for early design checking increases as software becomes more complex and is designed to serve volume international markets and also as interactions between operators and automation in safety-critical environments becomes more complex This paper reviews progress in the area of formal verification of interactive systems and proposes a short agenda for further work

/pdf/formally-verifying-interactive-systems-a-review-1oplewoqv3.pdf

Michael D. Harrison

Papers

Analyzing human-computer interaction as distributed cognition: the resources model

Formal methods in human-computer interaction

Allocation of function: scenarios, context and the economics of effort

Model Checking Interactor Specifications

Formally verifying interactive systems : a review