After an introduction reporting the properties and the applications of fluoropolymers, a first part deals with i) the main routes to produce vinylidene fluoride (VDF) monomer, ii) its homopolymerization, and iii) the advantages and uses of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In a second section, this review, illustrated by numerous examples, extensively reports the synthesis, properties and applications of the copolymers based on VDF with non-halogenated, fluorinated, commercially available or synthesized comonomers. These comonomers exhibit XYC=CZ-Sp-R structures where X, Y, and Z represent H, F, and CF3 groups, Sp a spacer and R a function such as OH, OAc, SAc, CO2R' (R' being a H atom or an alkyl group), CN, P(O)(OR')2 and SO3H. According to the nature and to the amount of the comonomer, the copolymers can be thermoplastic, elastomeric or thermoplastic elastomers. Introducing reactive R side groups brings complementary properties such as hydrophily, ionic exchange or surface properties, or further crosslinking of the resulting copolymers. Then, the kinetics of radical copolymerization of VDF with M comonomers led to the assessment of the reactivity ratios which are compared. Hence, a reactivity series of these M comonomers with respect to a macroradical terminated by VDF is proposed. Usually, these copolymers exhibit random structures but only three comonomers produced alternating copolymers with VDF: hexafluoroisobutylene, F2C=CFCO2CH3, and H2C=C(CF3)CO2R. The controlled radical copolymerizations of VDF with other comonomers (such as chlorotrifluoroethylene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether or-trifluoromethacrylic acid) either in the presence of xanthates, borinates or iodo-compounds are also reported. In addition, new VDF-containing copolymers exhibit well-defined architectures, such as block and graft copolymers. They can be synthesized either by conventional techniques or by controlled radical copolymerization. Chemical modifications of PVDF and poly(VDF-co-monomer) copolymers are also presented. Several properties and applications (such as surfactants, dielectrical polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, fuel cell and ultrafiltration membranes, or polycondensates, the fluorinated segments of which bringing softness and thermal stability) of these VDF-containing copolymers will illustrate this review.

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From vinylidene fluoride (VDF) to the applications of VDF-containing polymers and copolymers: recent developments and future trends.

Interaction between water and hydrophilic polymers

This chapter presents an extensive review of the important ferroelectric polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride). Covered topics include: polymerization, molecular structure, and defects; dilute-solution properties; crystalline structure of the various polymorphic phases, crystallization, and morphology; polymorphic transitions induced through a variety of means (e.g. thermal, mechanical, electrical); relaxational characteristics; melting behaviour and thermal degradation; ferroelectric properties, with emphasis on piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity; copolymers and compatible blends with other polymers and general engineering properties and uses.

Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)

Studies on bound water of cellulose by differential scanning calorimetry [Cotton, kapok, linen, jute, various rayons, and wood cellulose].

The field of mesophases is subdivided into six different phases: liquid crystals, plastic crystals, condis crystals and the corresponding LC, PC, and CD glasses. Liquid and plastic crystals are the traditional phases with positional and orientational disorder, respectively. Condis crystals are conformationally disordered. On hand of tables of thermodynamic transition parameters of small and large molecules it is shown that the orientational order in liquid crystals is only a few per cent of the total possible, while the positional order in plastic crystals is virtually complete. Condis crystals have a wide variety of different degrees of conformational disorder. The glass transitions of all mesophases are similar in type. Macromolecules in the liquid crystalline state produce high orientation on deformation. Plastic crystals consist always of small molecules. Condis crystals may under proper conditions anneal to extended chain crystals.

Thermotropic mesophases and mesophase transitions of linear, flexible macromolecules

The Interaction of Water with Cellulose from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times

Liquid Crystalline Type Order in Polydiethylsiloxane

Morphological Studies on the Viscous Crystalline Phase of Poly(diethylsiloxane) Including the Dynamics of Phase Formation and the Relationship of Viscous Crystalline Structure and Crystalline Structure

Michael F. Froix

Papers

The Interaction of Water with Cellulose from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times

Liquid Crystalline Type Order in Polydiethylsiloxane

Morphological Studies on the Viscous Crystalline Phase of Poly(diethylsiloxane) Including the Dynamics of Phase Formation and the Relationship of Viscous Crystalline Structure and Crystalline Structure

Dielectric Relaxation Studies of Bisphenol A-Diphenyl Carbonate/Lexan Polycarbonate Solid Solutions

The Effect of Temperature on the Cellulose/Water Interaction from NMR Relaxation Times