Part I. Introduction: 1. Ideology, technology and economic policy Part II. The Construction of the New European Infrastructure c. 1830-1914: 2. Infrastructure development and rights of way in the early nineteenth century 3. Local supply networks, private concessions and municipalisation 4. Railways and telegraph: economic growth and national unification 5. Electricity supply, tramways and new regulatory regimes c. 1870-1914 Part III. Nations and Networks 1914-45: 6. Infrastructure development from the nineteenth to the twentieth century: an overall perspective 7. The development of telecommunications 8. Network integration in electricity supply: successes and failures 9. Railway finances and road-rail competition Part IV. State Enterprise 1945-90: 10. The new state, economic organisation and planning 11. Coal, oil and security 12. Airline regulation and the transport revolution 13. Telecommunications: from calm to storm 14. Economic policy, financial accountability and productivity growth Part V. Conclusions: 15. The road to privatisation and de-regulation?

Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, telecommunications and transport, 1830-1990

This 2005 book is a comparative history of the economic organisation of energy, telecommunications and transport in Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It examines the role that private and public enterprise have played in the construction and operation of the railways, electricity, gas and water supply, tramways, coal, oil and natural gas industries, telegraph, telephone, computer networks and other modern telecommunications. The book begins with the arrival of the railways in the 1830s, charts the development of arms' length regulation, municipalisation and nationalisation, and ends on the eve of privatisation in the 1980s. Robert Millward argues that the role of ideology, especially in the form of debates about socialism and capitalism, has been exaggerated. Instead the driving forces in changes in economic organisation were economic and technological factors and the book traces their influence in shaping the pattern of regulation and ownership of these key sectors of modern economies.

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Private and public enterprise in Europe

Sequence relationships of type D retroviruses which cause simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Differential antibody responses of individuals infected with AIDS-associated retroviruses surveyed using the viral core antigen p25gag expressed in bacteria

Sera from the majority of individuals that were positive in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) retrovirus (ARV), an isolate of the for antibodies to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated retrovirus (ARV), an isolate of the retrovirus identified as the etiologic agent of AIDS, were found to react with a 31,000-dalton protein (p31) in virus Western blot assays. To determine if this 31,000-dalton immunoreactive species originated from the putative endonuclease region of the polymerase (pol) gene of ARV, we cloned this portion of pol into bacterial expression vectors for direct expression and for expression as a fusion protein with human superoxide dismutase. Transformants from both constructions expressed immunoreactive protein detected in immunoblots with an AIDS patient's serum. Extracts from transformants expressing these sequences competed with the binding of antibodies from AIDS patients' sera to the 31,000-dalton protein in virus immunoblots, confirming that viral p31 originated from the endonuclease domain of the ARV polymerase gene. The superoxide dismutase-p31 fusion protein was purified, and an ELISA for detecting antibodies to p31 was developed. The majority (95%) of serum samples obtained from individuals seropositive in the virus ELISA were also positive in the p31 antibody ELISA.

Recombinant polypeptide from the endonuclease region of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome retrovirus polymerase (pol) gene detects serum antibodies in most infected individuals.

Energy pricing in the UK

Nuclear Power: Futures, Costs and Benefits. By Nigel Evans and Chris Hope. Cambridge University Press: 1984. Pp. 171. £15, $29.95.

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Michael G. Webb

Papers

Energy pricing in the UK

What price nuclear power

Energy policy and the privatization of the UK energy industries

Power system economics: The value of natural gas in electricity generation