The links between spellings and sounds in a large set of English words with consonantvowel-consonant phonological structure were examined Orthographic rimes, or units consisting of a vowel grapheme and a final consonant grapheme, had more stable pronunciations than either individual vowels or initial consonant-plus-vowel units In 2 large-scale studies of word pronunciation, the consistency of pronunciation of the orthographic rime accounted for variance in latencies and errors beyond that contributed by the consistency of pronunciation of the individual graphemes and by other factors In 3 experiments, as well, children and adults made more errors on words with less consistently pronounced orthographic rimes than on words with more consistently pronounced orthographic rimes Relations between spellings and sounds in the simple monomorphemic words of English are more predictable when the level of onsets and rimes is taken into account than when only graphemes and phonemes are considered

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xge/124/2/107.pdf

The special role of rimes in the description, use, and acquisition of English orthography.

Phonological recoding and reading.

Most theoretical models of the relation between mood and evaluation suggest that people in positive moods tend to render more favorable evaluations than people in negative moods. If moods operate as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process, however, then mood-congruent evaluations are not inevitable, even when people incorporate their moods into their evaluations. Instead, the more people experience the feelings (negative or positive) they could expect to feel if the target had fulfilled its role (e.g., a particularly heart-wrenching sad story or an especially funny comedy), the more favorably people should evaluate the target. Three experiments supported this hypothesis. Only the mood-as-input model seems capable of accounting for the results.

How would it feel if...? Mood as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process.

Multiple meanings, number of related meanings, frequency of occurrence, and the lexicon

University of California, San Diego, California 92037 Subjects responded faster to words with regular spelling-to-sound correspondences than to words with irregular correspondences in both a naming task and a lexical decision task. The locus of the small, but significant, regularity effect was investigated in further experiments. When subjects were forced to respond faster than usual, via a response-deadline technique, no regularity effect was apparent in either their reaction times or error rates. In another experiment, no Regularity by Stimulus Quality interaction was obtained. It was concluded that the phonological recoding implied by the existence of the regularity effect takes place subsequent to lexical access.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03197473.pdf

Experiments on the spelling-to-sound regularity effect in word recognition

In a paradigm that avoids methodological problems of earlier studies, evidence was gathered addressed to the question of whether we read letter by letter. If word recognition involves letter recognition, then the difficulty of recognizing a word should vary with the difficulty of recognizing its letters. This was tested by assessing letter difficulty in two letter discrimination tasks and in a letter naming task, and then comparing 15 adult subjects’ visual recognition latency to 72 easy-letter words and to 72 difficult-letter words. Word frequency and word length were also manipulated. Results indicated no effect for letter difficulty, although recognition latency reliably decreased with word frequency and monotonically increased with word length (21 msec/letter), suggesting that we do not read letter by letter, but that whatever plays a role in word recognition is smaller than the word and correlated with word length in letters.

/pdf/the-role-of-letter-recognition-in-word-recognition-nfeebxd0mt.pdf

Michael J. Cosky

Papers

The role of letter recognition in word recognition.