This chapter reviews cross-cultural studies The study of emotions expressed by facial expression cannot be simply studied as isolated case studies through isolated instances of physiognomy, morphology, or cultural analytics For some theorists, universality is deeply revealing about the nature of emotion; for others, universality is a finding that must be accounted for by any viable theory of emotion The universality thesis is an idea that the Western psychologists find plausible, especially given randomness as the alternative Any studies of the universality thesis and other alternative theories like cultural relativism must aid in the design of more useful studies Rather than ask whether or not a given culture agrees with one preformulated hypothesis, it would be more useful to question how members of that culture conceptualize emotions and facial behavior

Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? a review of the cross-cultural studies

Increased corticospinal excitability induced by unpleasant visual stimuli

How slow can you go? : the joint effects of action preparation and emotion on the perception of time

When asked to judge the duration of a face people typically overestimate the duration of angry compared to neutral faces. A novel feature of the current research was the inclusion of secondary manipulations designed to distort timing performance namely, the effects of visual cues (Experiment 1) and action preparedness (Experiment 2). Furthermore, to establish whether the effects are multiplicative with duration, the effects were examined across 2 duration ranges (200 to 800 ms and 400 to 1600 ms). Visual cues and instructions to prepare to act increased the tendency to judge faces as lasting longer. Experiment 1 revealed an unexpected underestimation effect for angry faces presented for short durations (200 to 800 ms). However, the effect was not replicated in Experiment 2 where the results were generally consistent with either an increase the speed of a pacemaker mechanism that resides within an internal clock (Gibbon, Church, & Meck, 1984; Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1990; Treisman, 1963) or the widening of an attentional gate (Zakay & Block, 1996) - the temporal overestimation effect for angry faces grew in magnitude from the short to long duration. Experiment 2 also showed that the temporal overestimation for angry faces was reduced in magnitude when participants were asked to prepare to either push or pull a joystick.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/17470218231172856

Michael J. Lupton

Papers

How slow can you go? : the joint effects of action preparation and emotion on the perception of time

EXPRESS: Temporal Distortion for Angry Faces: Testing Visual Attention and Action Preparation Accounts.