https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA157550.pdf

The TRACE model of speech perception.

The time course of perceptual choice is discussed in a model of gradual, leaky, stochastic, and competitive information accumulation in nonlinear decision units. Special cases of the model match a classical diffusion process, but leakage and competition work together to address several challenges to existing diffusion, random walk, and accumulator models. The model accounts for data from choice tasks using both time-controlled (e.g., response signal) and standard reaction time paradigms and its adequacy compares favorably with other approaches. A new paradigm that controls the time of arrival of information supporting different choice alternatives provides further support. The model captures choice behavior regardless of the number of alternatives, accounting for the log-linear relation between reaction time and number of alternatives (Hick's law) and explains a complex pattern of visual and contextual priming in visual word identification.

The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model.

which is used to describe a third component of thinking processes, particularly preverbal, and it denotes the concept that the world is activated by some generalized "energy" that links together causally all objects and events ; it is presumably revealed by a person's lack of curiosity about causal connections, as though they were self-evident. Aside from the rather frequent use of such key words, having strong connotations for this reviewer far away from what the author is aiming to denote, the book is written in a lucid and stimulating style that makes reading it an invigorating intellectual exercise. It is a book that is likely to have somewhat limited attraction to the full-time clinician, especially one treating adult patients. And child psychiatrists and psychologists, if reasonably well read, will most likely be familiar with the majority of references from which this author has synthesized his material. On the other hand, the scholarly and refreshing con¬ ceptual approaches of the author will appeal to psychologists, philosophers, linguists, and psychiatrists with a research bent and anyone else who wants to be provoked to do some thinking on the problems of language, language development, and the psychology of cognition. Louis A. GOTTSCHALK, M.D. Plans and the Structure of Behavior. By George A Miller, Eugene gALANTER, and Karl H. Pribram. Price, $5.00. Pp. 226. Henry Holt & Co., Inc., New York 17, 1960. This is an important book for psychiatrists and behavioral scientists, since it presents a clear, concise study of the application of cybernetics, information and computer theory to the problem of analyzing behavior. The authors have been actively engaged in behavioral research in different areas\p=m-\Millerin information and communication, Galanter in experimental psychology, and Pribram in neurophysiology. The book resulted from a series of discussions which they engaged in during a year they spent together at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, Calif. Their original intent was to write a diary, as it were, of the development of their ideas and, fortunately, enough of this remains to make the book clear, easy to read, and interesting. It is also fortunate, however, that in the final writing a variety of studies comparing the "behavior" of computing machines with human "cognitive behavior" have been reviewed and summarized. The result is one of the best presentations of the present status of the brain-computer problem. The authors, however, do not discuss certain aspects of this problem, such as the difference between the brain and its vast number of parallel channels, but few operations, and the modern high-speed computer with its few channels and vast numbers of operations. This omission is consistent with their interest, since it would introduce the question of mechanisms rather than the problem of the structure of behavior as it is observed in everyday life in the clinic and in experiments on learning, conditioning, etc. Similarly, they do not discuss the qualitative differences between mechanisms of memory in the computer and those in the brain. In the former, a "memory"\p=m-\ i.e., stored information\p=m-\isidentified, metaphorically speaking, by an address, whereas no such mechanism is known in the brain (personal communication, Dr. Julian Bigelow). With few exceptions, however, the data, concepts, and theories presented are handled with elegant precision, as illustrated by the discussion of Sherrington's concepts of the "Reflex" and the "Synapse," Kurt Lewin's ideas of "tension states," and the numerous references to the work of Newell, Shaw, and Simon on computers and logic. There are, nevertheless, areas with

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1968.86.pdf

Plans and the Structure of Behavior

A model of orthographic processing is described that postulates read-out from different information dimensions, determined by variable response criteria set on these dimensions. Performance in a perceptual identification task is simulated as the percentage of trials on which a noisy criterion set on the dimension of single word detector activity is reached. Two additional criteria set on the dimensions of total lexical activity and time from stimulus onset are hypothesized to be operational in the lexical decision task. These additional criteria flexibly adjust to changes in stimulus material and task demands, thus accounting for strategic influences on performance in this task. The model unifies results obtained in response-limited and data-limited paradigms and helps resolve a number of inconsistencies in the experimental literature that cannot be accommodated by other current models of visual word recognition.

Orthographic Processing in Visual Word Recognition: A Multiple Read-Out Model

Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses three questions: Why are there so many sources of information about layout? How is it that one perceives layout with near-metric accuracy when none of these sources yields metric information about it? Can one not do better, theoretically, in understanding the perception of layout than simply make a list? The answer to the first question begins with Todd's answer. Perceiving layout is extremely important to human beings, so important that it must be redundantly specified so that the redundancy can guard against the failure of any given source or the failure of any of the assumptions on which a given source is based. However, information redundancy is only part of the answer. Different sources of information about layout metrically reinforce and contrast with each other, providing a powerful network of constraints. The answer to the second proceeds from this idea. Through the analysis of depth-threshold functions for nine different sources of information about layout, one can begin to understand how those sources of information sharing the same-shaped functions across distances can help ramify judgments of layout by serving to correct measurement errors in each. Third, on the basis of the analyses and the pattern of functions, it suggests that list making has misled about space and layout. Psychologists and other vision scientists have generally considered layout, space, and distance as a uniform commodity in which observers carry out their day-to-day activities.

/pdf/perceiving-layout-and-knowing-distances-the-integration-1i3ri93gex.pdf

Perceiving Layout and Knowing Distances: The Integration, Relative Potency, and Contextual Use of Different Information about Depth*

After describing the importance of visual information in speech perception and sketching the history of visual speech synthesis, we consider a number of theories of coarticulation in human speech. An implementation of Lofqvist’s (1990) gestural theory of speech production is described for visual speech synthesis along with a description of the graphically controlled development system. We conclude with some plans for future work.

/pdf/modeling-coarticulation-in-synthetic-visual-speech-1w9dxjg5or.pdf

Modeling Coarticulation in Synthetic Visual Speech

An important goal at Google is to make spoken access ubiquitously available. Achieving ubiquity requires two things: availability (i.e., built into every possible interaction where speech input or output can make sense) and performance (i.e., works so well that the modality adds no friction to the interaction).

“Your Word is my Command”: Google Search by Voice: A Case Study

Speech perception can be viewed in terms of the listener’s integration of two sources of information: the acoustic features transduced by the auditory receptor system and the context of the linguistic message. The present research asked how these sources were evaluated and integrated in the identification of synthetic speech. A speech continuum between the glide-vowel syllables /ri/ and /li/ was generated by varying the onset frequency of the third formant. Each sound along the continuum was placed in a consonant-cluster vowel syllable after an initial consonant /p/, /t/, /s/, and /v/. In English, both /r/ and /l/ are phonologically admissible following /p/ but are not admissible following /v/. Only /l/ is admissible following /s/ and only /r/ is admissible following /t/. A third experiment used synthetic consonant-cluster vowel syllables in which the first consonant varied between /b/ and /d and the second consonant varied between /l/ and /r/. Identification of synthetic speech varying in both acoustic featural information and phonological context allowed quantitative tests of various models of how these two sources of information are evaluated and integrated in speech perception.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FBF03203046.pdf

Phonological context in speech perception

A set of freely available, universal speech tools is needed to accelerate progress in the speech technology. The CSLU Toolkit represents an effort to make the core technology and fundamental infrastructure accessible, affordable and easy to use. The CSLU Toolkit has been under development for five years. This paper describes recent improvements, additions and uses of the CSLU Toolkit.

Universal speech tools: the CSLU toolkit.

Previous research has shown that perceivers naturally integrate auditory and visual information in face‐to‐face speech perception. Two experiments were carried out to study whether integration would be disrupted by differences in the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), the temporal arrival of the two sources of information. Synthetic visible and natural and synthetic auditory syllables /ba/, /va/, /ð/, and /da/ were used in an expanded factorial design to present all possible combinations of the auditory and visual syllables, as well as the unimodal syllables. The fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP), which accurately describes integration, was used to measure the degree to which integration of audible and visible speech occurred. These findings provide information about the temporal window of integration and its apparent dependence on the range of speech events in the test.

Michael M. Cohen

Papers

Modeling Coarticulation in Synthetic Visual Speech

“Your Word is my Command”: Google Search by Voice: A Case Study

Phonological context in speech perception

Universal speech tools: the CSLU toolkit.

Perception of asynchronous and conflicting visual and auditory speech