Showing papers by "Michael Rutter published in 1990"
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The concept of mechanisms that protect people against the psychological risks associated with adversity is discussed in relation to four main processes: reduction of risk impact, reduction of negative chain reactions, establishment and maintenance of self-esteem and self-efficacy, and opening up of opportunities.
Abstract: The concept of mechanisms that protect people against the psychological risks associated with adversity is discussed in relation to four main processes: reduction of risk impact, reduction of negative chain reactions, establishment and maintenance of self-esteem and self-efficacy, and opening up of opportunities. The mechanisms operating at key turning points in people's lives must be given special attention.
5,519 citations
TL;DR: There is substantial specificity in the continuity of affective disturbances between childhood and adult life, and the depressed group was at an increased risk for affective disorder in adult life and had elevated risks of psychiatric hospitalization and psychiatric treatment.
Abstract: • The present study was based on the clinical data summaries ("item sheets") of children who attended the Maudsley Hospital, London, England, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. These summaries were used to identify a group of 80 child and adolescent psychiatric patients with an operationally defined depressive syndrome. The depressed children were individually matched with 80 nondepressed psychiatric controls on demographic variables and nondepressive childhood symptoms by a computer algorithm. At follow-up, on average 18 years after the initial contact, information was obtained on the adult psychiatric status of 82% of the total sample. Adult assessments were made "blind" to case/control status. The depressed group was at an increased risk for affective disorder in adult life and had elevated risks of psychiatric hospitalization and psychiatric treatment. They were no more likely than the control group to have nondepressive adult psychiatric disorders. These findings suggested that there is substantial specificity in the continuity of affective disturbances between childhood and adult life.
743 citations
TL;DR: In this article, six main questions were considered: How depression affects parent-child interaction, are the effects of parental depression uniform? Do they stem specifically from depressions as such? Do the risks derive from alterations in parent child interaction? Which psychological functions in the child are affected? and Why do children differ in their responses to parental depression?
Abstract: Six main questions are considered: How does depression affect parent-child interaction? Are the effects of parental depression uniform? Do they stem specifically from depressions as such? Do the risks derive from alterations in parent-child interaction? Which psychological functions in the child are affected? and Why do children differ in their responses to parental depression?
325 citations
TL;DR: It has been recognized that children presenting with psychiatric problems often have parents who also suffer from some form of mental disorder, and much of the psychiatric risk to children associated with parental mental disorder appears to be environmentally mediated.
Abstract: It has been recognized that children presenting with psychiatric problems often have parents who also suffer from some form of mental disorder. Because parental mental disorder is so often accompanide by serious family difficulties and disturbance, it is not surprising that most attention has been focussed on environmental risk factors. Indeed, the available empirical findings suggest that this has been justified in that much of the psychiatric risk to children associated with parental mental disorder appears to be environmentally mediated
249 citations
TL;DR: The evidence for genetic influences that stems from twin, family, cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies is reviewed and suggests that genetic factors play a predominant role in the origins of a more broadly defined phenotype.
Abstract: Autism represents a prototypical form of pervasive developmental disorder. In the majority of narrowly defined cases, there is no clearly identifiable aetiology. In this paper, the evidence for genetic influences that stems from twin, family, cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies is reviewed. It suggests that genetic factors play a predominant role in the origins of a more broadly defined phenotype, characterized by a combination of cognitive and social deficits. Genetic mechanisms that may account for the findings, including single gene, mixed and multifactorial models are evaluated and directions for future research are considered.
198 citations
01 Jan 1990
156 citations
TL;DR: Until recently, most child psychiatrists, clinicians and researchers alike, paid scant attention to genetic factors in children's psychiatric disorders.
Abstract: Until recently, most child psychiatrists, clinicians and researchers alike, paid scant attention to genetic factors. The majority, of course, accepted both the reality of genetic influences and the likelihood that they played some part in the psychiatric disorders that they treated
96 citations
TL;DR: Ouston et al. as discussed by the authors investigated changes in both school practice and pupil outcomes in a five-year study of change in six London secondary schools and reported marked improvements in some areas.
Abstract: Much work on school effectiveness has been based on cross‐sectional comparisons between schools. Longitudinal studies of schools over time may complement this approach. Changes in both school practice and pupil outcomes were monitored in a five year study of change in six London secondary schools. This paper reports on changes in outcomes, illustrating marked improvements in some areas. A companion paper (Ouston, Maughan & Rutter, in press) explores associated changes in school practice.
30 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Child psychiatric epidemiology over the last 25 years is reviewed in terms of conceptual and methodological issues arising out of substantive findings, especially problems in preschool children and specific psychiatric disorders.
Abstract: Child psychiatric epidemiology over the last 25 years is reviewed in terms of conceptual and methodological issues arising out of substantive findings. The Isle of Wight surveys undertaken in the mid-1960s are briefly described to establish a starting point, and progress since then is reviewed in terms of topics not originally covered-especially problems in preschool children and specific psychiatric disorders
21 citations