Comparative analysis of biogenic amines (BA) and mineral element contents in various bread and durum wheat (Triticum L.) cultivars from different milling fractions (whole flour, bran, white flour and semolina) were studied. Concentrations of 5 BA (putrescine, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and serotonin) and 10 elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Zn, Cu, Al, Mn, and Fe) in the milling fractions were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. The bran milling fraction showed the highest agmatine content in all cultivars, which also had considerable amounts of spermidine (range: 34–40 mg/100 g dw), followed by whole and white wheat flours, and semolina. The major mineral in bran was P followed by K and Mg. In general, the bread wheat cultivars showed higher mineral contents than the durum wheat cultivars, while on the other hand, BA content in bread wheat cultivars was generally lower than in durum wheat cultivars. The variation in BA and minerals content in the wheat cultivars can be used in wheat breeding programs to improve the nutritional quality of wheat grains. The milling fraction was more important in the distribution of BA and minerals in grains than the cultivar. The contents and the differences in the milling fractions are also important when foods or feeds are being formulated.

The biogenic amine and mineral contents of different milling fractions of bread and durum wheat (Triticum L.) cultivars

Odpady z produkcji mas włóknistych i papieru - właściwości i sposoby zagospodarowania

Innovative functional flours with the trade name Q-Farin were used in the preparation of biopolymer materials with properties adequate to the production of biodegradable multifunctional packaging. To meet the assumed goal, it was necessary for the modification and functionalization of starch-protein material derived from the milling of purified wheat grain to confer hydrophobic, thermoplastic and barrier properties upon it. Unmodified and modified functional flour with the tradename Q-Farin C1000 was plasticized by pressurethermal treatment in a mixture with typical plasticizers: glycerol, sorbitol & ethylene glycol. The modification of starch was accomplished by its esterification with acetic acid, enzymatic esterification with oleic acid or by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the granulated thermoplastic compositions were examined. Their structure (microscopic and SEM observation), thermoplastic and processing properties as well as their susceptibility to biodegradation and phytotoxicity were also assessed. Selected thermoplastic compositions with adequate properties were processed into film and shapes. The materials obtained were examined for their physical properties like grammage and strength. Parameters of the technology processes involved were also prepared.

Heat Plasticization of Functional Wheat Flour by Extrusion in the Presence of Plasticizers

This article presents the results of tests which were carried out on a starch-protein biomaterial produced from wheat. The research was performed in order to assess optimal conditions for performing the chemical modification (acetylation and oxidation reactions) and its influence on the physico-chemical properties of the new biomaterial. Modifying agents were acetic acid anhydride with the presence of NaOH and K2CO3 activators as well as hydrogen peroxide, whose effects were catalysed with Cu2+ ions. Modified polymers with a degrees of substitution from 0.38 to 2.45 and oxidation from 1.0 to 35% were obtained in the process. The polymers obtained were characterized with various levels of starch degradation, minimal when the acetylation reaction activated with the K2CO3 method was used, moderate to high when the acetylation reaction was activated by NaOH, and maximal starch degradation was observed when oxidation was catalysed with Cu2+ ions. The modified polymers showed minor thermal granulation abilities and did not achieve thermoplastic abilities. Evaluation of the modification effects was carried out with absorption spectroscopy in infra-red radiation with the Fourier transformation (FTIR) technique, DSC, scanning electron microscopy and determining the boundary viscosity value.

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Chemical Modification of Starch-Protein Material Performed in Order to Obtain a Half Product for Thermoplastic Processing

The pressure which is being exerted on manufacturers by the users of consumer goods towards more environmentally friendly applications, favours the use of already existing environmentally friendly raw materials or the search for new ones. One of the promising directions for research is aimed at developing new packaging materials based on biopolymers. Research recently conducted made it possible to use hydrothermally pre-treated starch/ protein raw material in the manufacture of a new generation of biopolymer materials. Biopolymer products obtained by various modifications were used to produce an exemplary batches of mouldings and packaging materials (films, corrugated cardboard).

Utilization of Cereal and Milling Industry Products as Raw Materials for the Manufacture of Biopolymer Technical Products

A considerable amount of waste biomass is generated in the pulp and paper industry which, in the case of landfilling poses a serious burden to the environment. The waste can be uti lized as raw material in the production of various products and fuels including combustion with recovery of energy. The physical and chemical properties of various streams of biomass waste in the production of fibrous pulp and paper were examined. It was documented that most of the dry waste display quality parameters close to those of lignite or even coal. A high content of water, which is to be removed to attain a high calorific value, is a drawback of the unprocessed waste. This disadvantage can be excluded by elaboration of energy recovery systems as an alternative to traditional incineration. Such systems used in the utilization of other waste streams are presently being adapted to the waste of the pulp and paper industry. Apart from the physical-chemical identification of the waste, a review was made of commercialized and potential methods to recover energy or substance.

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Michał Janiga

Papers

Chemical Modification of Starch-Protein Material Performed in Order to Obtain a Half Product for Thermoplastic Processing

Utilization of Cereal and Milling Industry Products as Raw Materials for the Manufacture of Biopolymer Technical Products

Properties and Possible Utilization of Waste Generated in the Production of Fibrous Pulp and Paper