Antimalarial drugs (e.g. chloroquine and its close structural analogues) were developed primarily to treat malaria; however, they are beneficial for many dermatological, immunological, rheumatological and severe infectious diseases, for which they are used mostly today. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, two of the most fascinating drugs developed in the last 50 years, are increasingly recognized for their effectiveness in myriad non-malarial diseases. In advanced research, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to have various immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects, and currently have established roles in the management of rheumatic diseases, lupus erythematosus (different forms) and skin diseases, and in the treatment of different forms of cancer. Recently, chloroquine analogues have also been found to have metabolic, cardiovascular, antithrombotic and antineoplastic effects. This review is concerned with the lysosomotropic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinacrine and related analogues, and the current evidence for both their beneficial effects and potential adverse manifestations in various diseases.

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Chloroquine analogues in drug discovery: new directions of uses, mechanisms of actions and toxic manifestations from malaria to multifarious diseases

The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders presents, in 36 chapters, the relevant basic knowledge on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the nervous system. The editors succeeded in acquiring the services of very well-known specialists in the field for every chapter, guaranteeing a deep understanding of the topics with respect to clinical problems and research results. For physicians who want comprehensive information, as well as for students and informed laymen, the book is easily readable. The prose is easily understandable, although on a high scientific level. The quality of the figures, tables, and illustrations is very good, and they all help to underline and explain the text. Another advantage is that the book addresses aspects that have rarely been the focus of interest (eg, neuro-AIDS disorders, gender and antiretroviral combination treatment, and neuro-AIDS disorders and ethnicity). The main sections 1 through 6 describe every topic of interest in the field, such as disorders primarily provoked by HIV infection, pathophysiological aspects, neuroimaging, comorbidities, neuro-AIDS disorders in special populations, and special health care issues. Everybody who has a diagnostic or therapeutic problem regarding neuro-AIDS disorders in clinical practice will find it helpful to read the corresponding chapter in the book. Additionally, the references in every chapter are excellent, so much so that the reader has the opportunity to broaden his or her knowledge. Thus, the book is highly useful and should be in every university library. Prose Illustrations Science Usefulness

Textbook of Tinnitus

Expert Consult functionality-new to this edition-further enhances your reference powerwith convenient online access to the complete text and illustrations from 

Brocklehurst's textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology

Objectives:The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the auditory characteristics of children with autism relative to those of typically developing children and (2) to describe the test-retest reliability of behavioral auditory test measures with this population of children with autism.Desig

Auditory characteristics of children with autism.

Ribosomopathies: Old Concepts, New Controversies.

OBJECTIVE Assess the aesthetic and functional outcomes of the first 100 patients who underwent reduction rhinoplasty with the spare roof technique (SRT). METHODS Prospective, interventional, and longitudinal study performed on consecutive patients undergoing primary rhinoplasty by SRT. All the surgical procedures were performed by the surgeon who first described this technique. The validated Portuguese version of the Utrecht Questionnaire for Outcome Assessment in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty was used. Patients completed the questionnaire presurgery and again 3 and 12 months postsurgery. In addition, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to score nasal patency for both sides. RESULTS The study population included 100 Caucasian Mediterranean patients (33 males; 67 females). Mean age at surgery was 32.8 years. Analysis of the preoperative and postoperative mean aesthetic VAS scores showed a significant improvement from 3.67 to 8.1 (P < 0.001) and 8.44 (P < 0.001), respectively, 3 and 12 months postsurgery. Analysis of the five aesthetic Likert scale questions all showed a highly significant improvement after rhinoplasty. The mean preoperative aesthetic sum score was 13.9, which improved to 8.26 and 7.08, respectively, 3 and 12 months postsurgery (P < 0.001), indicating a significant improvement of subjective body image in relation to nasal appearance. Analysis of the preoperative and postoperative mean functional VAS score showed a significant improvement on both sides. CONCLUSION This prospective statistical study confirms that SRT significantly improved patient quality of life regarding nose function and appearance. It is a reliable technique that can help deliver consistently good results in reduction rhinoplasty in Caucasian patients with dorsal hump seeking rhinoplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 129:2702-2706, 2019.

Spare roof technique in reduction rhinoplasty: Prospective study of the first one hundred patients.

Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a child with idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis.

To determine whether children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have an increased number of wave I abnormal amplitudes in auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) than age- and sex-matched typically developing children. This analytical case-control study compared patients with ASDs between the ages of 2 and 6 years and children who had a language delay not associated with any other pathology. Amplitudes of ABR waves I and V; absolute latencies (ALs) of waves I, III, and V; and interpeak latencies (IPLs) I-III, III-IV, and I-V at 90 dB were compared between ASD patients and normally developing children. The study enrolled 40 children with documented ASDs and 40 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Analyses of the ABR showed that children with ASDs exhibited higher amplitudes of wave 1 than wave V (35%) more frequently than the control group (10%), and this difference between groups reached statistical significance by Chi-squared analysis. There were no significant differences in ALs and IPLs between ASD children and matched controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case-control study testing the amplitudes of ABR wave I in ASD children. The reported results suggest a potential for the use of ABR recordings in children, not only for the clinical assessment of hearing status, but also for the possibility of using amplitude of ABR wave I as an early marker of ASDs allowing earlier diagnosis and intervention. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1300-1305. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Autism spectrum disorders and the amplitude of auditory brainstem response wave I.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the main ear malformations, hearing loss and auditory rehabilitation in children with Treacher Collins syndrome. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 9 children with Treacher Collins syndrome treated in a central hospital between January 2003 and January 2013. Results This study showed a high incidence of malformations of the outer and middle ear, such as microtia, atresia or stenosis of the external auditory canal, hypoplastic middle ear cavity, dysmorphic or missing ossicular chain. Most patients had bilateral hearing loss of moderate or high degree. In the individuals studied, there was functional improvement in patients with bone-anchored hearing aids in relation to conventional hearing aids by bone conduction. Conclusions Treacher Collins syndrome is characterized by bilateral malformations of the outer and middle ear. Hearing rehabilitation in these children is of utmost importance, and bone-anchored hearing aids is the method of choice.

Miguel Bebiano Coutinho

Papers

Spare roof technique in reduction rhinoplasty: Prospective study of the first one hundred patients.

Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a child with idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis.

Autism spectrum disorders and the amplitude of auditory brainstem response wave I.

Ear malformations, hearing loss and hearing rehabilitation in children with Treacher Collins syndrome

Auditory brainstem response in two children with autism.