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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Abstract Knowledge of the spacing and size of discontinuities in a rock mass is of considerable importance for the prediction of rock behaviour. The characteristics of discontinuities can be estimated using scanline surveys but the precision of the estimates must be obtained and the bias caused by linear sampling must be eliminated before they can validly be used. Initially, an expression is presented which gives the degree of confidence that can be assigned to the measured mean discontinuity spacing. A reduced form of this expression is obtained for cases where the discontinuity spacings follow the negative exponential distribution. The precision of discontinuity frequency and RQD estimates is also explained. The distribution of trace lengths produced by the intersection of planar discontinuities with a planar rock face is used to determine the distribution of trace lengths, the distribution of semi-trace lengths and the distribution of censored semi-trace lengths intersected by a randomly located scanline. Comparison of the actual and sampled distributions demonstrates the bias introduced by scanline sampling of trace lengths. Relations between the distributions can be used to produce analytical or graphical methods of estimating mean trace length from censored measurements at exposures of limited extent.

Estimation discontinuity spacing and trace length using scanline surveys

http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2010/EGU2010-4437.pdf

Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Many areas of the world are prone to several natural hazards, and effective risk reduction is only possible if all relevant threats are considered and analyzed. However, in contrast to single-hazard analyses, the examination of multiple hazards poses a range of additional challenges due to the differing characteristics of processes. This refers to the assessment of the hazard level, as well as to the vulnerability toward distinct processes, and to the arising risk level. As comparability of the single-hazard results is strongly needed, an equivalent approach has to be chosen that allows to estimate the overall hazard and consequent risk level as well as to rank threats. In addition, the visualization of a range of natural hazards or risks is a challenging task since the high quantity of information has to be depicted in a way that allows for easy and clear interpretation. The aim of this contribution is to give an outline of the challenges each step of a multi-hazard (risk) analysis poses and to present current studies and approaches that face these difficulties.

/pdf/challenges-of-analyzing-multi-hazard-risk-a-review-2jtaude6n6.pdf

Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review

The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake of China (Mw 7.9 or Ms 8.0) triggered hundreds of thousands of landslides. Mapping such a large number of landslides is a major task, considering the large size of the affected area and the availability of pre- and post-earthquake remote sensing images. This paper compares three (nearly) complete landslide inventories that were compiled from visual image interpretation. The three inventories differ in the manner in which the landslides are represented, either as polygons, centroid points, or top points. Landslides in the three inventories use one-to-one correspondence. Each of the three inventories includes a large proportion of the 197,481 landslides triggered by the earthquake. These landslides were delineated as individual solid polygons and points using visual interpretation of high-resolution aerial photographs and satellite images acquired following the earthquake and verified by selected field checking throughout a broad area of approximately 110,000 km2. These landslides cover a total area of approximately 1,160 km2. Based on the inventories of landslide polygons and landslide centroid points, two types of density maps were constructed. Correlations of landslide occurrence with seismic, geologic, and topographic parameters were analyzed using the three landslide inventories. Statistical analysis of their spatial distribution was performed using both the landslide area percentage (LAP), defined as the percentage of the area affected by the landslides and the landslide number density (LND), defined as the number of landslides per square kilometer. There are two types of LNDs: the LND-centroid (based on the centroid point of the landslide) and the LND-top (based on the top point of the landslide). We used the three indexes to determine how the occurrence of the landslides correlates with elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, slope curvature, lithology, distance from the epicenter, seismic intensity, distance from the Yingxiu-Beichuan surface fault rupture, peak ground acceleration (PGA), and coseismic surface displacements (including horizontal, vertical, and total displacements). Both the LAP and the two types of LND values were observed to have continuous positive or negative correlations with the slope angle, slope curvature, distance from the epicenter and from the Yingxiu-Beichuan surface fault rupture, seismic intensity, and coseismic surface displacement. In addition, the highest values of the LAP and LND values appear at ranges from 1,200 to 3,000 m in elevation. Moreover, the landslides have preferred orientations, dominated by the eastern, southeastern, and southern directions. In addition, the sandstone, siltstone (Z), and granitic rocks experienced more concentrated landslides. No obvious correlations were observed between the LAP and LND values and slope position. Finally, we studied the orders of eight earthquake-triggered landslide impact factor effect on landslide occurrence. The 197,481 landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake were delineated.
 Three landslide inventories were constructed: polygon, centroid, and top point inventories.
 The landslides were spatially analyzed with topographic, lithology, and seismic parameters.

/pdf/three-nearly-complete-inventories-of-landslides-triggered-by-hg80vsxryf.pdf

Three (nearly) complete inventories of landslides triggered by the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan Mw 7.9 earthquake of China and their spatial distribution statistical analysis

http://www.gl.ntu.edu.tw/geodesy/images/publications/paper/pa53.pdf

The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Insights from a discrete element simulation

http://basin.earth.ncu.edu.tw/Course/SeminarII/abstract2010_1/reference_abstracts/1223-1_abstract_Statistical%20approach%20toduced%20landslide%20susceptibility%201.pdf

Statistical approach to earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility

http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/85096/1/2.pdf

The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels

http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/85118/1/7.pdf

Ming-Lang Lin

Papers

The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Insights from a discrete element simulation

Statistical approach to earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility

The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels

Deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust fault slip

Evolution of the large landslide induced by Typhoon Morakot: A case study in the Butangbunasi River, southern Taiwan using the discrete element method