Renewable energy powered sustainable 5G network infrastructure: Opportunities, challenges and perspectives

In the modern technological world, wireless communication has taken a massive leap from the conventional communication system to a new radio communication network. The novel concept of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks brings a combination of a diversified set of devices and machines with great improvement in a unique way compared to previous technologies. To broaden the user’s experience, 5G technology provides the opportunity to meet the people’s potential necessities for efficient communication. Specifically, researchers have designed a network of small cells with unfamiliar technologies that have never been introduced before. The new network design is an amalgamation of various schemes such as Heterogeneous Network (HetNet), Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, Internet of Things (IoT), Relay Node (RN), Beamforming, Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M-MIMO), millimeter-wave (mm-wave), and so on. Also, enhancement in predecessor’s techniques is required so that new radio is compatible with a traditional network. However, the disparate technological models’ design and concurrent practice have created an unacceptable intervention in each other’s signals. These vulnerable interferences have significantly degraded the overall network performance. This review article scrutinizes the issues of interferences observed and studied in different structures and techniques of the 5G and beyond network. The study focuses on the various interference effect in HetNet, RN, D2D, and IoT. Furthermore, as an in-depth literature review, we discuss various types of interferences related to each method by studying the state-of-the-art relevant research in the literature. To provide new insight into interference issue management for the next-generation network, we address and explore various relevant topics in each section that help make the system more robust. Overall, this review article’s goal is to guide all the stakeholders, including students, operators, engineers, and researchers, aiming to explore this promising research theme, comprehend interferences and their types, and related techniques to mitigate them. We also state methodologies proposed by the $3^{\mathrm {rd}}$ Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and present the promising and feasible research directions toward this challenging topic for the realization of 5G and beyond network.

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Interference Management in 5G and Beyond Network: Requirements, Challenges and Future Directions

Device to Device communication is an important aspect of the fifth-generation(5G) and beyond fifth-generation (B5G) wireless networks. 5G facilitates network connectivity among a large number of devices. This tremendous growth in the number of devices requires a large number of spectrum resources to support a variety of applications and also lays a huge burden on the Base Station. D2D skips the need to forward the data to the Base Station and helps the devices to take part in direct Peer-to-Peer (P2P) transmission. This enables high-speed data transmission, efficient information transmission with improved latency and most importantly is used to offload the traffic that is laid on the Base Station. D2D has many practical issues and challenges that are briefly explained in this paper, out of which resource allocation is the main area of focus as it plays an important role in the performance of the system. The optimal allocation of resources such as power, time and spectrum can improve the system performance. Therefore, in order to identify the open research issues in the field of resource allocation in D2D communication, a detailed survey is needed. In this paper, various resource allocation algorithms and methodologies have been seriously analysed and evaluated based on the degree of involvement of the Base Station to figure out the research gap and to provide a strong theoretical basis for the research problems related to resource allocation in D2D communication.

A review on resource allocation techniques in D2D communication for 5G and B5G technology

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the enabling technologies for meeting the capacity requirements of the fifth-generation wireless systems (5G). It has diverse applications in traffic offloading, disaster management and content sharing, to mention a few. The network coverage and capacity further improve when relays are introduced to D2D communication. However, the interference becomes more severe since these devices also share resources with the traditional cellular users in the underlay. To take the benefits and avert the drawbacks of this spectrum sharing scenario, analytical tools capable of revealing the mathematical relationships among pertinent network design parameters are needed. This brings stochastic geometry (SG) into the picture. With SG-based analyses, designers can model concepts to understand, provide insights, and address the problems of spectrum sharing in relay-assisted D2D communication. Some of the key metrics of particular interest to network designers are the transmission capacity and spectral efficiency of D2D communication, as they reveal the performance gains and quantify the level of interference within the network. These enable them to properly correlate relevant cause-and-effect relationships before wealth and time are invested in network implementation. Despite the studies on the analysis of relay-assisted D2D underlay cellular networks using SG in recent years, there is no available survey material where researchers can find models, assumptions, key results and derived lessons to further comprehend this area and open up new research lines. This motivates the presentation of this paper which in addition to the aforementioned, gives elaborate discussions on promising areas for future research with respect to the recent advancements in D2D communication and SG research.

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Relay-Assisted D2D Underlay Cellular Network Analysis Using Stochastic Geometry: Overview and Future Directions

Resource allocation trends for ultra dense networks in 5G and beyond networks: A classification and comprehensive survey

Device to device communication: A survey

Paramount data transfer among users in social groups and concerts imposes enormous traffic at the base station (BS), depleting the available resources and forcing fifth-generation (5G) researchers to seek communion with alternative technologies. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is determined as a potential technology for supporting multiple users on the same sub-channels using power domain multiplexing. Integration of NOMA with a Device-to-Device (D2D) communication technology provides lower latency for supporting proximity communication. Significant research has been carried out till date in device pairing for resource allocation in NOMA and D2D. This paper proposes a joint resource and power allocation in the NOMA (JRPAN) algorithm for resource and power allocation to cellular and D2D users. Resources and power are adaptively assigned to the users depending upon the user's application. A proposal of group formation for resource reuse in NOMA with prioritized user application is established. The Simulations have been performed to ascertain the fair allocation of resources to the users in conformity to the application. The proposed algorithm helps in conserving power as compared to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDMA) with the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The results demonstrate that JRPAN achieves higher system throughput and saves power while ensuring the requirement of Quality of Experience and Quality of service in comparison to OFDMA-HMM and proportional algorithm. 

Mittal K. Pedhadiya

Papers

Device to device communication: A survey

Joint resource and power allocation for 5G enabled D2D networking with NOMA