To achieve low-carbon sustainable energy development, new technologies such as Internet of Energy (IoE), intelligent systems and Internet of Things (IoT) as well as distributed energy generations via smart grids (SG) are gaining attention. The interoperability between intelligent energy systems, realised through the web, enables automatic consumption optimisation and increases network efficiency and intelligent management. IoE is an intriguing topic in close connection with the IoT, communication systems, SG and electrical mobility that contributes to energy efficiency to achieve zero-carbon technologies and green environments. Furthermore, nowadays, the widespread growth and utilisation of processors for mining digital currency in homes and small warehouses are some other factors to be considered in terms of electric energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. However, research on the use of the Internet for evaluating the misallocation of energy and the effect it can have on CO2 emissions is often neglected. In this study, the authors present a detailed overview regarding the evolution of SG in conjunction with the employment of IoE systems as well as the essential components of IoE for decarbonisation. Also, mathematical models with simulation are provided to evaluate the role of IoE in reducing CO2 emission. 

Evolution of smart grids towards the Internet of energy: Concept and essential components for deep decarbonisation

Vision and research directions of 6G technologies and applications

The fifth-generation mobile network (5G), as the fundamental enabler of Industry 4.0, has facilitated digital transformation and smart manufacturing through AI and cloud computing (CC). However, B5G is viewed as a turning point that will fundamentally transform existing global trends in wireless communication practices as well as in the lives of masses. B5G foresees a world where physical–digital confluence takes place. This study intends to see the world beyond 5G with the transition to 6G assuming the lead as future wireless communication technology. However, despite several developments, the dream of an era without latency, unprecedented speed internet, and extraterrestrial communication has yet to become a reality. This article explores main impediments and challenges that the 5G–6G transition may face in achieving these greater ideals. This article furnishes the vision for 6G, facilitating technology infrastructures, challenges, and research leads towards the ultimate achievement of “technology for humanity” objective and better service to underprivileged people.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6356/pdf?version=1653366979

Evolution of Wireless Communication to 6G: Potential Applications and Research Directions

In recent years, the IoT has emerged as the most promising technology in the key evolution of industry 4.0/industry 5.0, smart home automation (SHA), smart cities, energy savings and many other areas of wireless communication. There is a massively growing number of static and mobile IoT devices with a diversified range of speed and bandwidth, along with a growing demand for high data rates, which makes the network denser and more complicated. In this context, the next-generation communication technology, i.e., sixth generation (6G), is trying to build up the base to meet the imperative need of future network deployment. This article adopts the vision for 6G IoT systems and proposes an IoT-based real-time location monitoring system using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for underground communication applications. An application-based analysis of industrial positioning systems is also presented.

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Future Wireless Communication Technology towards 6G IoT: An Application-Based Analysis of IoT in Real-Time Location Monitoring of Employees Inside Underground Mines by Using BLE

Billions of people around the world send and receive data over online networks daily. Sufficient and redundant data are transmitted over social platforms with AI-assisted in 5G networks. In opportunistic social networks, the main challenge faced by traditional methods is that numerous user nodes participate in data transmission, causing a lot of message copy redundancy and node cache consumption. As a result, the transmission delay of the algorithm is high, the node energy consumption is too large, and even information is lost. To solve these problems, this study establishes an artificial intelligence-based optimization multiple evaluation method. The main purpose of this method is to avoid information loss caused by data loss when reducing data noise, reasonably select communication nodes in opportunistic social network scenarios, optimize data transmission performance, and avoid network congestion. Moreover, our method can effectively identify and exclude potential malicious nodes, reducing the situation that packets are intercepted and discarded. The experiment confirms that the optimized transmission evaluation scheme can effectively reduce routing overheads and energy consumption of a user node, improve the delivery ratio of node data transmission, and ensure the reliability and security of data transmission.

Effective Data Optimization and Evaluation Based on Social Communication with AI-Assisted in Opportunistic Social Networks

Due to the rapid development of the fifth-generation (5G) applications, and increased demand for even faster communication networks, we expected to witness the birth of a new 6G technology within the next ten years. Many references suggested that the 6G wireless network standard may arrive around 2030. Therefore, this paper presents a critical analysis of 5G wireless networks’, significant technological limitations and reviews the anticipated challenges of the 6G communication networks. In this work, we have considered the applications of three of the highly demanding domains, namely: energy, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and machine learning. To this end, we present our vision on how the 6G communication networks should look like to support the applications of these domains. This work presents a thorough review of 370 papers on the application of energy, IoT and machine learning in 5G and 6G from three major libraries: Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Explore. The main contribution of this work is to provide a more comprehensive perspective, challenges, requirements, and context for potential work in the 6G communication standard.

Moamin Mahmoud

Papers

From 5G to 6G Technology: Meets Energy, Internet-of-Things and Machine Learning: A Survey