The revision of the Rating Outlook to Stable from Negative reflects Fitch’s belief that the city may be required by the EPA to move to secondary treatment at its two largest treatment plants at some time in the future. However, the timing and costs associated with this upgrade could be long term, near or beyond the final year of the current large capital plan (2019). Furthermore, negotiations and the final agreement regarding the timing of such regulatory upgrades may not occur quickly. The Stable Rating Outlook reflects Fitch’s expectation that the third rate package will be adopted and become effective in fiscal 2012 as anticipated and that a change in political administrations or New Issues Wastewater System Revenue Bonds (First Bond Resolution), Senior Series 2009A, 2009B, and 2009C Wastewater System Revenue Bonds (Second Bond Resolution), Junior Series 2009A

“公共财政”和“Public Finance”辨析

One commonly observed phenomena about taxation in Africa are regional differences and the fact that southern African countries have higher levels of shares of taxation in GDP. This article argues that the major source of differences in ‘tax effort’ is the colonial histories of various countries. Using standard measures of ‘tax effort in a panel data framework and dividing colonial Africa along forms of incorporation into the colonial system, it shows that African countries and others with similar colonial histories have higher levels of ‘tax effort’. However, the difference disappears when we control for the colonial factor. These results hold under different model specifications.

On Tax Efforts and Colonial Heritage in Africa

Imperialism : The Highest Stage of Capitalism

The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa

Sociologists in particular and social scientists in general tend to quickly
turn to social surveys to collect data for their research projects This stems from mainstream social science research tradition that is dominated by positivist and empiricist tradition that emphasizes quantification There is however another method of data collection, the
documentary research method, or the use of documentary sources in social research, that is often overlooked This paper argues that although the documentary research method is not very popular in social science research, it is nevertheless an acceptable and respectable research method that is also scientific and requires rigorous adherence to research
ethics Keywords : authenticity, credibility, data triangulation, document, method triangulation EASSRR Vol 25 (1) 2009: pp 43-58

The Documentary Research Method – Using Documentary Sources in Social Research

Britain declared Bechuanaland a ‘protectorate' in 1885 in a move largely driven by military strategic considerations rather than by the availability of economic resources. This can give the impression that in Botswana the process of economic underdevelopment that is often associated with colonialism never took place in this British ‘protectorate'. This article reveals that even in the so-called ‘protectorate', the British colonial state policies subverted indigenous economic interests and stifled opportunities for indigenous private capital accumulation, while actively promoting the economic interests of a small white settler capitalist class. Africa Development Vol. 31(1) 2006: 66-88

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Mogalakwe Mogalakwe

Papers

How Britain Underdeveloped Bechuanaland Protectorate: A Brief Critique of the Political Economy of Colonial Botswana