The author systematically examines one of the important issues of information — establishing the market price. He introduces the concept of «search» — where a buyer wanting to get a better price, is forced to question sellers. The article deals with various aspects of finding the necessary information.

Economics of Information

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/46/4/461.3.full.pdf

Measuring Health—A Review of Quality of Life Measurement Scales

THIS is a single volume, easy to handle and read, containing explanations of philosophical terms and outline accounts of schools of thought, special subjects and individual thinkers. It looks as though the efforts of a number of specialists had been put together in alphabetical order with little editing. Many of the articles are just right; for example, that on ‘Hegelianism’, and most of the definitions of Aristotelian terms. A few articles are too brief for clarity; many are too long and try to do too much. The Dictionary of Philosophy Edited by Dagobert D. Runes. Pp. viii + 343. (London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1944.) 27s. 6d. net.

The Dictionary of Philosophy

Experts and business pundits forecasted drastic changes in Vietnam's fledgling e-commerce when the Southeast Asian country became an official member of the World Trade Organization WTO in 2007. Over the past few years, as part of the Reform-called Doi moi-some Vietnamese enterprises have adopted e-commerce and already benefitted from it. In this research, the authors adapt the Technology-Organization-Environment TOE framework and test a model of e-commerce adoption including numerous internal and external factors identified in empirical studies. The final sample of 926 small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam includes both adopter and non-adopter firms. The policy implications of this study on promoting e-commerce adoption by SMEs in transition economies, such as Vietnam, are discussed.

http://www3.cis.gsu.edu/dtruex/courses/ib8710/articles/vietnan-ec-v27-gotoproof2-032612.pdf

An Empirical Study of Determinants of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs in Vietnam: An Economy in Transition

Quite often that old documents are suffering from background damage. Examples of background damages are varying contrast, ancient document age and the documents have degraded over time due to storage conditions and the quality of the written parchment. These have damaged background for example such as: have varying contrast, smudges, dirty, presence of seeping ink from the other side of the document, uneven background. In order to make them readable, image processing offers a selection of approaches. The aim of this paper is to provide comprehensive review methods to enhance old document images with damaging background. Three kinds of enhancement methods are: (a) Image enhancement methods using binarization method or thresholding method, (b) Image enhancement methods using binarization method or thresholding method and other methods, (c) Image enhancement methods using other methods only. As conclusion, the second method has becoming more popular and has a great potential to improve in future.

/pdf/review-on-image-enhancement-methods-of-old-manuscript-with-2bcllb4oxf.pdf

Review on image enhancement methods of old manuscript with the damaged background

The subject of cursive handwritten character recognition is still open to be studied because of its complex nature. Recognition of Arabic handwritten and its variants such as Farsi (Persian) and Urdu had been receiving considerable attention in recent years. Numerous methods for recognizing Arabic characters have been proposed and applied to various types of images. These research highlights have not yet been given to another variant of Arabic which is the Jawi script. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing works in handwritten Jawi character recognition. It includes the history and writing of Jawi, and challenges, current works, and future direction of Jawi character recognition system.

Handwritten Cursive Jawi Character Recognition: A Survey

The cursive nature of Arabic writing is the main challenge to Arabic Optical Character Recognition developer. Methods to segment Arabic words into characters have been proposed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the methods proposed by researchers to segment Arabic characters. The segmentation methods are categorized into nine different methods based on techniques used. The advantages and drawbacks of each are presented and discussed. Most researchers did not report the segmentation accuracy in their research; instead, they reported the overall recognition rate which did not reflect the influence of each sub-stage on the final recognition rate. The size of the training/testing data was not large enough to be generalized. The field of Arabic Character Recognition needs a standard set of test documents in both image and character formats, together with the ground truth and a set of performance evaluation tools, which would enable comparing the performance of different algorithms. As each method has its strengths, a hybrid segmentation approach is a promising method. The paper concludes that there is still no perfect segmentation method for ACR and much opportunity for research in this area.

Segmentation of Arabic Characters: A Comprehensive Survey

/pdf/review-on-image-enhancement-methods-of-old-manuscript-with-50vbu6oxnu.pdf

Review on Image Enhancement Methods of Old Manuscript with Damaged Background

Objectives Some hospitals have implemented computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems to reduce the medical error rates. However, research in this area has been very limited, especially regarding the impact of CPOE use on the reduction of prescribing errors. Moreover, the past studies have dealt with the overall impact of CPOE on the reduction of broadly termed "medical errors", and they have not specified which medical errors have been reduced by CPOE. Furthermore, the majority of the past research in this field has been either qualitative or has not used robust empirical techniques. This research examined the impacts of usability of CPOE systems on the reduction of doctors' prescribing errors. Methods One hundred and sixty-six questionnaires were used for quantitative data analyses. Since the data was not normally distributed, partial least square path modelling-as the second generation of multivariate data analyses-was applied to analyze data. Results It was found that the ease of use of the system and information quality can significantly reduce prescribing errors. Moreover, the user interface consistency and system error prevention have a significant positive impact on the perceived ease of use. More than 50% of the respondents believed that CPOE reduces the likelihood of drug allergy, drug interaction, and drug dosing errors thus improving patient safety. Conclusions Prescribing errors in terms of drug allergy, drug interaction, and drug dosing errors are reduced if the CPOE is not error-prone and easy to use, if the user interface is consistent, and if it provides quality information to doctors.

https://northumbria-test.eprints-hosting.org/id/document/271411

Mohamad Shanudin Zakaria

Papers

Review on image enhancement methods of old manuscript with the damaged background

Handwritten Cursive Jawi Character Recognition: A Survey

Segmentation of Arabic Characters: A Comprehensive Survey

Review on Image Enhancement Methods of Old Manuscript with Damaged Background

Role of computerized physician order entry usability in the reduction of prescribing errors.