Importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the policies to contain it have been a near ubiquitous exposure in the US with unknown effects on depression symptoms. Objective To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among US adults during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative survey study used 2 population-based surveys of US adults aged 18 or older. During COVID-19, estimates were derived from the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study, conducted from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Before COVID-19 estimates were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2017 to 2018. Data were analyzed from April 15 to 20, 2020. Exposures The COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes associated with the measures to mitigate it. Main Outcomes and Measures Depression symptoms, defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 10 or higher. Categories of depression symptoms were defined as none (score, 0-4), mild (score, 5-9), moderate (score, 10-14), moderately severe (score, 15-19), and severe (score, ≥20). Results A total of 1470 participants completed the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (completion rate, 64.3%), and after removing those with missing data, the final during–COVID-19 sample included 1441 participants (619 participants [43.0%] aged 18-39 years; 723 [50.2%] men; 933 [64.7%] non-Hispanic White). The pre–COVID-19 sample included 5065 participants (1704 participants [37.8%] aged 18-39 years; 2588 [51.4%] women; 1790 [62.9%] non-Hispanic White). Depression symptom prevalence was higher in every category during COVID-19 compared with before (mild: 24.6% [95% CI, 21.8%-27.7%] vs 16.2% [95% CI, 15.1%-17.4%]; moderate: 14.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-17.4%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%]; moderately severe: 7.9% [95% CI, 6.3%-9.8%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, 1.6%-2.8%]; severe: 5.1% [95% CI, 3.8%-6.9%] vs 0.7% [95% CI, 0.5%-0.9%]). Higher risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with having lower income (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.26-4.43]), having less than $5000 in savings (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.02-2.26]), and exposure to more stressors (odds ratio, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.95-4.77]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that prevalence of depression symptoms in the US was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with lower social resources, lower economic resources, and greater exposure to stressors (eg, job loss) reported a greater burden of depression symptoms. Post–COVID-19 plans should account for the probable increase in mental illness to come, particularly among at-risk populations.

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Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic knowledge on important human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to understand the large interindividual variability in drug clearance and responses in clinical practice. The human CYP superfamily contains 57 functional genes and 58 pseudogenes, with members of the 1, 2, and 3 families playing an important role in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and some endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in the CYP family may have had the most impact on the fate of therapeutic drugs. CYP2D6, 2C19, and 2C9 polymorphisms account for the most frequent variations in phase I metabolism of drugs, since almost 80% of drugs in use today are metabolized by these enzymes. Approximately 5-14% of Caucasians, 0-5% Africans, and 0-1% of Asians lack CYP2D6 activity, and these individuals are known as poor metabolizers. CYP2C9 is another clinically significant enzyme that demonstrates multiple genetic variants with a potentially functional impact on the efficacy and adverse effects of drugs that are mainly eliminated by this enzyme. Studies into the CYP2C9 polymorphism have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles. Extensive polymorphism also occurs in other CYP genes, such as CYP1A1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C8, 3A4, and 3A5. Since several of these CYPs (e.g., CYP1A1 and 1A2) play a role in the bioactivation of many procarcinogens, polymorphisms of these enzymes may contribute to the variable susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The distribution of the common variant alleles of CYP genes varies among different ethnic populations. Pharmacogenetics has the potential to achieve optimal quality use of medicines, and to improve the efficacy and safety of both prospective and currently available drugs. Further studies are warranted to explore the gene-dose, gene-concentration, and gene-response relationships for these important drug-metabolizing CYPs.

Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/482/pdf

Acceptance of covid-19 vaccination during the covid-19 pandemic in china

BACKGROUND At the end of 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak began in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and spread rapidly to the whole country within 1 month. This new epidemic caused a great mental reaction among the public. This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among the public affected by quarantine and those unaffected during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwestern China in early Feb. 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected using the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the self-rating depression scale (SDS) administered to 1593 respondents aged 18 years and above. The respondents were grouped as 'affected group' and 'unaffected group' on the basis of whether they or their families/colleagues/classmates/neighbors had been quarantined. RESULTS Among 1593 participants, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was approximately 8.3% and 14.6%, respectively, and the prevalence in the affected group (12.9%, 22.4%) was significantly higher than that in the unaffected group (6.7%, 11.9%). Lower average household income, lower education level, having a higher self-evaluated level of knowledge, being more worried about being infected, having no psychological support, greater property damage, and lower self-perceived health condition were significant associated with higher scores on the SAS and SDS. People living in Chongqing had higher SAS and SDS scores than those living in Yunnan Province. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of anxiety and depression of the affected group are higher than in the unaffected group during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwestern China in early Feb. 2020. The government should focus more on providing economic and medical support to improve the general population's mental state.

/pdf/comparison-of-prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-anxiety-2lib4u8vkn.pdf

Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China.

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/132683945/1_s2.0_S2214109X21000796_main.pdf

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Profil épidémiologique et clinique de l'infertilité masculine àl 'hôpital général de Grand-Yoff, Sénégal : à propos de 492 cas Epidemiological and clinical profile of male infertility in the Senegal's Grand-Yoff General Hospital in Senegal: a study of 492 cases

Advanced bladder cancer remains particularly frequent in our practice. Aim: To evaluate the proportion of advanced bladder cancer at diagnosis and to describe the characterisitics at diagnosis. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study assessing 97 cases of advanced bladder cancer over a period of 10 years (January 2002 to January 2012) at the department of Urology of H?pital Principal de Dakar and H?pital General de Grand Yoff. We included the records of all patients with a pathologic confirmation of locally advanced bladder cancer (T3, T4) and/or a visceral or lymph node metastasis. Results: Mean age was 47 years (Range: 25 - 80 years). The cohort comprised 69 men and 28 women with a sex ratio of 2.46. The reasons for referral were a hematuria (60.82%), pelvic mass (19.2%), irritative urinary symptoms (8.2%). Reported medical histories were: urinary schistosomiasis (13 patients), tobaccoo(10 patients), recurrent cystitis (8 patients). Indications of local extention were: inguinal lymph nodes (6 patients), tumoral hepatomegaly (5 patients), bone pain (15 patients). A cystoscopy was performed in 64.95% of patients in a mean time of 2.5 months. A Trans Urethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) was performed in 77 patients with a mean time from referral of 4 months. Pathologic examination showed squamous cell carcinoma (42%), urothelial carcinoma (28%) and adenocarcinoma (9%). Thoraco-abdomino pelvic CT scan showed a loco regional extension in 18 patients, extension to the peri vesical fat in 3 patients and metastasis in 25 patients. Conclusion: Delayed diagnosis of bladder cancer is still common in Africa with a high mortality rate. A better management requires an improvement of the equipment in the hospital with an emphasis on the access to endoscopy allowing for an early diagnosis.

/pdf/advanced-bladder-cancer-in-senegal-epidemiological-and-1panz51haw.pdf

Advanced Bladder Cancer in Senegal: Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/aju/article/view/182226/171604

Dérivation du haut appareil urinaire par une sonde JJ : indications et résultats dans une étude rétrospective et monocentrique

Le but de cette etude etait d’evaluer la resection transuretrale pour l’hypertrophie benigne de la prostate au Senegal Il s’agissait d’une etude retrospective descriptive menee entre le 1 janvier 2006 et le 31 decembre 2008 Durant cette periode, nous avions enregistre 84 cas de RTUP dont 51 ont fait l’objet de notre etude Trente trois cas ont ete exclus parce que l’anatomo-pathologie revelait un adenocarcinome prostatique La moyenne d’âge etait de 72,49 ans Le volume prostatique moyen etait de 39,17 ml La duree moyenne d’intervention etait de 55, 6min En post-operatoire immediat les complications etaient essentiellement a type d’ hemorragie (5 cas soit 10%) La duree moyenne du catheterisme operatoire etait de 3,1 jours Les patients avaient sejourne en moyenne 4,45 jours a l’hopital A l’ablation de la sonde urinaire, les complications etaient a type de RAU (3 cas), des fuites d’urines (2 cas ),  d’orchiepididymite (1 cas) et 2 cas de chute d’ escarres  A distance, il y’ avait une dysurie (4 cas), une stenose du meat uretral La resection transuretrale est le traitement de reference de l’hypertrophie benigne de la prostate actuellement Cependant en Afrique subsaharienne, l’adenomectomie prostatique prime encore sur la resection Mots cles :Adenome de la prostate, resection transuretrale, morbidite

Résection transurétrale pour hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate au Sénégal

Objectifs
Evaluer la faisabilite de la prostatectomie radicale, sa morbidite et ses resultats a court terme.

Mohamed F Jalloh

Papers

Profil épidémiologique et clinique de l'infertilité masculine àl 'hôpital général de Grand-Yoff, Sénégal : à propos de 492 cas Epidemiological and clinical profile of male infertility in the Senegal's Grand-Yoff General Hospital in Senegal: a study of 492 cases

Advanced Bladder Cancer in Senegal: Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects

Dérivation du haut appareil urinaire par une sonde JJ : indications et résultats dans une étude rétrospective et monocentrique

Résection transurétrale pour hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate au Sénégal

Prostatectomie radicale: évaluation à court terme à propos de 18 cas