Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and models

Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest t...

/pdf/predictive-reward-signal-of-dopamine-neurons-3f94myirza.pdf

Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons

Missale, Cristina, S. Russel Nash, Susan W. Robinson, Mohamed Jaber, and Marc G. Caron. Dopamine Receptors: From Structure to Function. Physiol. Rev. 78: 189–225, 1998. — The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein-coupled receptor subtypes. Two D1-like receptor subtypes (D1 and D5) couple to the G protein Gs and activate adenylyl cyclase. The other receptor subtypes belong to the D2-like subfamily (D2 , D3 , and D4) and are prototypic of G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate K+ channels. The genes for the D1 and D5 receptors are intronless, but pseudogenes of the D5 exist. The D2 and D3 receptors vary in certain tissues and species as a result of alternative splicing, and the human D4 receptor gene exhibits extensive polymorphic variation. In the central nervous system, dopamine receptors are widely expressed because they are involved in the control of locomotion, cognition, emotion, and affect as well as neuroendocrine s...

Dopamine Receptors: From Structure to Function

http://www.back-in-business-physiotherapy.com/images/files/DescendingControl.pdf

Descending control of pain.

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/gsas/g9600/2003/JavitchReadings/Schultz(Sulzer).pdf

Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are defined as a set of neurodevelopmental disorders and a lifelong condition. In mice, most of the studies focused on the developmental aspects of these diseases. In this paper, we examined the evolution of motor stereotypies through adulthood in the Shank3ΔC/ΔC mouse model of ASD, and their underlying striatal alterations, at 10 weeks, 20 weeks, and 40 weeks. We highlighted that motor stereotypies worsened at 40 weeks possibly carried by earlier striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) alterations in GABAergic transmission and morphology. Moreover, we report that 20 weeks could be a critical time‐point in the striatal‐related ASD physiopathology, and we suggest that MSN alterations may not be the direct consequence of developmental issues, but rather be a consequence of other impairments occurring earlier.

Age‐related behavioural and striatal dysfunctions in Shank3ΔC/ΔC mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-38423-z.pdf

Mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid do not show autism-related disorders when fed with polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder mainly characterized by deficits in social communication and stereotyped behaviors and interests. Here, we aimed to investigate the state of several key players in the dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission systems in the valproic acid (VPA) animal model that was administered to E12.5 pregnant females as a single dose (450 mg/kg). We report no alterations in the number of mesencephalic dopamine neurons or in protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in either the striatum or the nucleus accumbens. In females prenatally exposed to VPA, levels of dopamine were slightly decreased while the ratio of DOPAC/dopamine was increased in the dorsal striatum, suggesting increased turn-over of dopamine tone. In turn, levels of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNAs were increased in the nucleus accumbens of VPA mice suggesting upregulation of the corresponding receptors. We also report decreased protein levels of striatal parvalbumin and increased levels of p-mTOR in the cerebellum and the motor cortex of VPA mice. mRNA levels of mGluR1, mGluR4, and mGluR5 and the glutamate receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B were not altered by VPA, nor were protein levels of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B and those of BDNF and TrkB. These findings are of interest as clinical trials aiming at the dopamine and glutamate systems are being considered.

/pdf/the-state-of-the-dopaminergic-and-glutamatergic-systems-in-2d11vuve.pdf

The State of the Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Systems in the Valproic Acid Mouse Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of salt stress using four different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 40, 20, 60) mmol. L-1 and four different concentrations of the growth regulators putrescine and melatonin (0, PUT 0.2, MEL 0.2, MEL 0.4) mmol. L-1 and their overlap in some chemical markers of a green bean plant. The experiment was carried out using the complete random design (CRD) as a factorial experiment with two factors and ten repetitions. The results showed that the effect of salt stress led to a significant decrease in most of the chemical traits as it resulted in a concentration of 60 mmol. L-1 led to a decrease in the percentage of nutrients, Nitrogen Potassium, and a significant increase in sodium percentage in shoots compared to the control treatment (no growth regulator was added). While the percentage of phosphorous in the shoots was decreased by a concentration of 40 mmol. L-1 compared to a concentration of 20 mmol. L-1 which gave the highest percentage. The results showed that the addition of melatonin led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits when using concentrations 0.2 and 0.4 mmol. L-1, in the percentage of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content in shoots, compared with the cultures grown under the influence of putrescin at a concentration of 0.2 mmol. L-1, which gave the lowest rate. As it gave the interaction treatment without adding sodium chloride with melatonin at a concentration of 0.4 mmol. L-1 had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the shoots. The treatment gave 20 mmol. L-1 NaCl with melatonin at a concentration of 0.4 mmol. L-1 had the highest percentage of phosphorus in the shoots. While the concentration was recorded at 60 mmol. L-1 NaCl with 0.4 mmol Melatonin. L-1 has the highest level of sodium content.

Mohamed Jaber

Papers

Age‐related behavioural and striatal dysfunctions in Shank3ΔC/ΔC mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

Mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid do not show autism-related disorders when fed with polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets

The State of the Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Systems in the Valproic Acid Mouse Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Role of Sodium Chloride, Putrescine, and Melatonin on The Chemical Markers of Green Beans

Genetic and environmental mouse models of autism reproduce the spectrum of the disease