Mixed metal sulfides (MMSs) have attracted increased attention as promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), metal–air batteries (MABs), and water splitting. Compared with monometal sulfides, MMSs exhibit greatly enhanced electrochemical performance, which is largely originated from their higher electronic conductivity and richer redox reactions. In this review, recent progresses in the rational design and synthesis of diverse MMS-based micro/nanostructures with controlled morphologies, sizes, and compositions for LIBs, SIBs, HSCs, MABs, and water splitting are summarized. In particular, nanostructuring, synthesis of nanocomposites with carbonaceous materials and fabrication of 3D MMS-based electrodes are demonstrated to be three effective approaches for improving the electrochemical performance of MMS-based electrode materials. Furthermore, some potential challenges as well as prospects are discussed to further advance the development of MMS-based electrode materials for next-generation electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.

Mixed Metal Sulfides for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

Nowadays, the increasing requirements of portable, implantable, and wearable electronics have greatly stimulated the development of miniaturized energy storage devices (MESDs). Electrochemically active materials and microfabrication techniques are two indispensable parts in MESDs. Particularly, the architecture design of microelectrode arrays is beneficial to the accessibility of two-dimensional (2D) active materials. Therefore, this study reviews the recent advancements in microbatteries and microsupercapacitors based on electrochemically active 2D materials. Emerging microfabrication strategies enable the precise control over the thickness, homogeneity, structure, and dimension in miniaturized devices, which offer tremendous opportunities for achieving both high energy and power densities. Furthermore, smart functions and integrated systems are discussed in detail in light of the emergence of intelligent and interactive modes. Finally, future developments, opportunities, and urgent challenges related to 2D materials, device fabrications, smart responsive designs, and microdevice integrations are provided.

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Two-dimensional materials for miniaturized energy storage devices: from individual devices to smart integrated systems

3D Printing Quasi‐Solid‐State Asymmetric Micro‐Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Areal Energy Density

Nanostructured graphene-based materials for flexible energy storage

Engineering rGO-CNT wrapped Co3S4 nanocomposites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

All-solid state, flexible, high-energy integrated hybrid micro-supercapacitors based on 3D LSG/CoNi2S4 nanosheets.

FeCoSe2 nanosheets@NiCoSe2 nanoflowers encapsulated in a graphene network are fabricated for hybrid supercapacitors.

Mohammad Kazem Altafi

Papers

All-solid state, flexible, high-energy integrated hybrid micro-supercapacitors based on 3D LSG/CoNi2S4 nanosheets.

A high-performance hybrid supercapacitor by encapsulating binder-less FeCoSe2 nanosheets@NiCoSe2 nanoflowers in a graphene network