Rapid improvements in sequencing and array-based platforms are resulting in a flood of diverse genome-wide data, including data from exome and whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic surveys, expression profiling of coding and noncoding RNAs, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number profiling, and functional assays. Analysis of these large, diverse data sets holds the promise of a more comprehensive understanding of the genome and its relation to human disease. Experienced and knowledgeable human review is an essential component of this process, complementing computational approaches. This calls for efficient and intuitive visualization tools able to scale to very large data sets and to flexibly integrate multiple data types, including clinical data. However, the sheer volume and scope of data pose a significant challenge to the development of such tools.

Integrative Genomics Viewer

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genetics of Sensitivity to Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control by Day Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Control of floral evocation and morphogenesis

Fungal endophytes residing in the internal tissues of living plants occur in almost every plant on earth from the arctic to the tropics. The endophyte–host relationship is described as a balanced symbiotic continuum ranging from mutualism through commensalism to parasitism. This overview will highlight selected aspects of endophyte diversity, host specificity, endophyte–host interaction and communication as well as regulation of secondary metabolite production with emphasis on advanced genomic methods and their role in improving our current knowledge of endophytic associations. Furthermore, the chemical potential of endophytic fungi for drug discovery will be discussed with focus on the detection of pharmaceutically valuable plant constituents as products of fungal biosynthesis. In addition, selected examples of bioactive metabolites reported in recent years (2008–2010) from fungal endophytes residing in terrestrial plants are presented grouped according to their reported biological activities.

Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises

Podophyllotoxin: distribution, sources, applications and new cytotoxic derivatives

Introduction. Ecologically Meaningful Germination Studies. Types of Seed Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Nondeep Physiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Morphophysiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Physical Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds in the Persistent Seed Bank. Causes of Within-Species Variations in Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Tropical and Subtropical Zones. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones. Germination Ecology of Plants with Specialized Life Cycles and/or Habitats. Biogeographical and Evolutionary Aspects of Seed Dormancy. Subject Index.

A Definitive Book on Seed Ecology@@@Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination

Propagation and conservation of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle: an important medicinal herb

Taxol content in the bark of Himalayan Yew in relation to tree age and sex.

Podophyllotoxin, a well-known naturally occurring aryl tetralin lignan produced by few plant species is used as precursor for the chemical synthesis of the anticancer drugs like etoposide, teniposide and etopophos phosphate. The availability of this lignan is limited due to the scarce occurrence of its natural sources. Further, synthetic approaches for its production are still commercially unacceptable. This paper reports the synthesis of podophyllotoxin by an endophytic fungus Fusarium solani isolated from the roots of Podophyllum hexandrum. The presence of podophyllotoxin in fungal biomass was confirmed and quantified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. The fungus is able to produce 29.0 µg/g podophyllotoxin on dry weight basis.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380722962_Nadeem et al.pdf

Fusarium solani, P1, a new endophytic podophyllotoxin-producing fungus from roots of Podophyllum hexandrum

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall, and A balfourii Stapf are important medicinal herbs of the Himalayan region The effect of plant growth substances (PGSs, namely, abscisic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine, gibberellic acid and zeatin riboside) and two nitrogenous compounds (thiourea and potassium nitrate) for enhancing and synchronising uniform germination was examined The tetrazolium (Tz) staining pattern indicated that freshly collected seeds had high viability which decreased following storage at 4°C for 6 and 12 months The treatments and time of seed germination were found to be significantly different (P <001) Gibberellic acid (GA 250 μM) significantly enhanced seed germination (425% compared to 275% in control) in A balfourii with in 15 weeks but was inhibitory in A heterohyllum, 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP; 25 and 250 μM) and zeatin riboside (ZR; 25 and 250 μM) did not enhance germination in A balfourii; 250 μM ZR was actually inhibito ry In A hererophyllum the lower concentration of BAP was inhibitory (75% compared to 250% in control while 250 μM BAP enhanced germination (425% compared to 250% in control); the higher concentration of ZR was inhibitory The combined treatments of gibberellin and cytokinin in general resulted in reduced ger mination in both species Among the nitrogenous compounds, thiourea (CH 4 N 2 S) increased the rate and germination percentage in both species but potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) enhanced germination in A baifourii only Seed germination was first detected in A balfourii in the 5th week (25%) Following treatment with 65 mM CH 4 N 2 S and this value increased to 225% in the 7th week and reached as high as 75% (compared to 275% in control) in the 15th week A higher dose of thiourea (130 mM) resulted in a rapid and high germination rate (40% compared to 0% in control) in the 7th week, reaching 75% in 10th and 12th weeks and a maximum 80% (compared to 275% in control) in the 15th week, In A heterophyllum, however, thiourea only marginally enhanced germination even up to the 15th week In A balfourii, KNO 3 (50 and 100 mM) significantly enhanced germination (62-70%) within 15 weeks

Chemical stimulation of seed germination in Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. and A. balfourii Stapf.: important Himalayan species of medicinal value.

http://rp.ksu.edu.sa/sites/rp.ksu.edu.sa/files/res-files/Review_biotechnological%20approach.pdf

Mohammad Nadeem

Papers

Propagation and conservation of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle: an important medicinal herb

Taxol content in the bark of Himalayan Yew in relation to tree age and sex.

Fusarium solani, P1, a new endophytic podophyllotoxin-producing fungus from roots of Podophyllum hexandrum

Chemical stimulation of seed germination in Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. and A. balfourii Stapf.: important Himalayan species of medicinal value.

Biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of Saudi Arabia