Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world's population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial. Therefore information on antioxidant effects of these medicinal plants is also included.

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Indian Herbs and Herbal Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes

Dendrimer toxicity: Let's meet the challenge.

streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats

Indian medicinal plants used in the Ayurvedic traditional system to treat diabetes are a valuable source of novel anti-diabetic agents. Pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of post-prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown. In this study, seventeen Indian medicinal plants with known hypoglycemic properties were subjected to sequential solvent extraction and tested for α-amylase inhibition, in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory potential on PPA (porcine pancreatic α-amylase). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the lead extracts was performed in order to determine the probable constituents. Analysis of the 126 extracts, obtained from 17 plants (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Adansonia digitata L., Allium sativum L., Casia fistula L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Cinnamomum verum Persl., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Linum usitatisumum L., Mangifera indica L., Morus alba L., Nerium oleander L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Piper nigrum L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc.) for PPA inhibition was initially performed qualitatively by starch-iodine colour assay. The lead extracts were further quantified with respect to PPA inhibition using the chromogenic DNSA (3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method. Phytochemical constituents of the extracts exhibiting≥ 50% inhibition were analysed qualitatively as well as by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry). Of the 126 extracts obtained from 17 plants, 17 extracts exhibited PPA inhibitory potential to varying degrees (10%-60.5%) while 4 extracts showed low inhibition ( 50%) was obtained with 3 isopropanol extracts. All these 3 extracts exhibited concentration dependent inhibition with IC50 values, viz., seeds of Linum usitatisumum (540 μgml-1), leaves of Morus alba (1440 μgml-1) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (8.9 μgml-1). Acarbose as the standard inhibitor exhibited an IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration)value of 10.2 μgml-1. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and steroids with the major phytoconstituents being identified by GC-MS. This study endorses the use of these plants for further studies to determine their potential for type 2 diabetes management. Results suggests that extracts of Linum usitatisumum, Morus alba and Ocimum tenuiflorum act effectively as PPA inhibitors leading to a reduction in starch hydrolysis and hence eventually to lowered glucose levels.

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Potent α-amylase inhibitory activity of Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plants

Introduction The aim of the study is to analyse the antioxidant effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (A. squamosa) leaf on blood glucose, haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin, plasma insulin, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Aqueous extract of A. squamosa on blood glucose, haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin, plasma insulin, serum lipid and the levels of lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione, were examined in the liver and kidney tissues of control and experimental groups. Results Oral administration of A. squamosa aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 30 days significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, lipids and lipid peroxidation, but increased the activities of plasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes, like catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. Conclusion The A. squamosa aqueous extract supplementation is useful in controlling the blood glucose level, improves the plasma insulin, lipid metabolism and is beneficial in preventing diabetic complications from lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in experimental diabetic rats; therefore, it could be useful for prevention or early treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Oral administration of ethanol extract of N. sativa seeds (300 mg/kg body weight/day) to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 30 days significantly reduced the elevated levels of blood glucose, lipids, plasma insulin and improved altered levels of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS and hydroperoxides) and antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in liver and kidney. The results confirm the antidiabetic activity of N. sativa seeds extract and suggest that because of its antioxidant effects its administration may be useful in controlling the diabetic complications in experimental diabetic rats.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6595/1/IJEB%2044%289%29%20745-748.pdf

Biochemical effects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats.

Introduction: The present study investigated the
possible therapeutic effects of Annona squamosa
(A. squamosa) extract on certain biochemical
markers in streptozotocin (STZ) -induced
diabetes mellitus in rats.
Methods: The effects of an aqueous extract of
A. squamosa leaves on blood glucose, insulin,
C-peptide, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio,
urea, uric acid and creatinine and the activities
of diagnostic marker enzymes aspartate
aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase,
alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase were examined in the plasma, liver
and kidney tissues of control and experimental
groups.
Results: Oral administration of A. squamosa (300
mg/kg) aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 30 days
significantly reduced blood glucose, urea, uric
acid and creatinine, but increased the activities
of insulin, C-peptide, albumin, albumin/globulin
ratio and restored all marker enzymes to near
control levels.
Conclusion: The present results shown that A.
squamosa extract has an antihyperglycaemic
effect and consequently may alleviate liver and
renal damage associated with STZ-induced
diabetes mellitus in rats.

Beneficial effects of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In the present study aqueous extract of Piper nigrum seeds and Vinca rosea flowers were administered orally to alloxan induced diabetic rats once a day for 4 weeks. These treatments lead to significant lowering of blood sugar level and reduction in serum lipids. The levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase decreased in alloxan induced diabetic rats however these levels returned to normal in insulin, P. nigrum and V. rosea treated rats. There was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase activity in all groups compared to controls. Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats and it was slightly increased in insulin, P. nigrum and V. rosea treated rats as compared to control rat. These results suggest that oxidative stress plays a key role in diabetes, and treatment with P. nigrum and V. rosea are useful in controlling not only the glucose and lipid levels but these components may also be helpful in strengthening the antioxidants potential.

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Protective effects of Piper nigrum and Vinca rosea in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

The present study is related to the comparative effects of fish oil and olive oil supplementation on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Three treatment groups (Pretrement, Co-treatment and post treatment) were chosen for the study. Nephrotoxicity in rats was induced by intraperitonial administration of gentamicin (80 mg/kg/d) for 3,5,7,10,& 12 consecutive days. The animals were sacrificed 12 hrs after last treatment in each group. The maximum nephrotoxicity was developed on 10 days treatment of gentamicin. For each group a control group was taken without any oil or gentamicin treatment. Beneficial effects of oils were evidenced by reduced serum urea and creatinine concentrations in the group receiving oils compared to the non oil treatment animals receiving gentamicin only. Further, the changed values of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activity retumed to normal in kidney and liver tissue homogenates after fish and olive oil treatment. In this study, it was found that co-treatment of fish and olive oil is more effective antagonist of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. However fish oil was found to be more effective. Hypercholesteromia associated with gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity is also lowered by oil supplementations. The beneficial effects of these oils are due to counteracting effect of the biochemical alterations induced by the drug.

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Mohammed Kaleem

Papers

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Biochemical effects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats.

Beneficial effects of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Protective effects of Piper nigrum and Vinca rosea in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Comparative effect of olive oil and fish oil supplementation in combating gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats.