VANet security challenges and solutions: A survey

Survey on VANET security challenges and possible cryptographic solutions

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming the most promising research topic in intelligent transportation systems, because they provide information to deliver comfort and safety to both drivers and passengers. However, unique characteristics of VANETs make security, privacy, and trust management challenging issues in VANETs’ design. This survey article starts with the necessary background of VANETs, followed by a brief treatment of main security services, which have been well studied in other fields. We then focus on an in-depth review of anonymous authentication schemes implemented by five pseudonymity mechanisms. Because of the predictable dynamics of vehicles, anonymity is necessary but not sufficient to thwart tracking an attack that aims at the drivers’ location profiles. Thus, several location privacy protection mechanisms based on pseudonymity are elaborated to further protect the vehicles’ privacy and guarantee the quality of location-based services simultaneously. We also give a comprehensive analysis on various trust management models in VANETs. Finally, considering that current and near-future applications in VANETs are evaluated by simulation, we give a much-needed update on the latest mobility and network simulators as well as the integrated simulation platforms. In sum, this paper is carefully positioned to avoid overlap with existing surveys by filling the gaps and reporting the latest advances in VANETs while keeping it self-explained.

A Survey on Recent Advances in Vehicular Network Security, Trust, and Privacy

Providing an efficient anonymous authentication scheme in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) with low computational cost is a challenging issue. Even though, there are some existing schemes to provide anonymous authentication, the existing schemes suffer from high computational cost in the certificate and the signature verification process, which leads to high message loss. Therefore, they fail to meet the necessity of verifying hundreds of messages per second in VANETs. In our scheme, we propose an efficient anonymous authentication scheme to avoid malicious vehicles entering into the VANET. In addition, the proposed scheme offers a conditional tracking mechanism to trace the vehicles or roadside units that abuse the VANET. As a result, our scheme revokes the privacy of misbehaving vehicles to provide conditional privacy in a computationally efficient way through which the VANET entities will be anonymous to each other until they are revoked from the VANET system. Moreover, the proposed scheme is implemented and the performance analysis shows that our scheme is computationally efficient with respect to the certificate and the signature verification process by keeping conditional privacy in VANETs.

EAAP: Efficient Anonymous Authentication With Conditional Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A survey on internet of vehicles: Applications, security issues & solutions

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are emerging mobile ad hoc network technologies incorporating mobile routing protocols for inter-vehicle data communications to support intelligent transportation systems. Among others security and privacy are major research concerns in VANETs due to the frequent vehicles movement, time critical response and hybrid architecture of VANETs that make them different than other Ad hoc networks. Thus, designing security mechanisms to authenticate and validate transmitted message among vehicles and remove adversaries from the network are significantly important in VANETs. This paper presents several existing security attacks and approaches to defend against them, and discusses possible future security attacks with critical analysis and future research possibilities.

Survey on security attacks in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) blends the real world with digital objects especially in ubiquitous devices such as smartphones The MAR applications provide an intelligent interface for users In this, valuable digital information is advertised in physical spaces However, the success of these applications is tied directly to the degree of user acceptance This makes understanding the needs and expectations of the MAR's potential users of paramount importance for designing and building the proper application The objective of the paper is to expose an important gap in the development of novel applications in the virtual world Previous research has shown that it is essential to study and understand the needs and expectations of the potential users of the upcoming application or system Studying user needs and expectations before offering the developed application ensures a minimum level of acceptance and, of course, success This paper presents a detailed study comprising of a user- experience (UX) evaluation of different prototypes through the use of three different UX evaluation methods This kind of evaluation allows new developments to offer systems, which do not fail The main contributions of this study are that it: 1) solicits expectations when consumers use MAR applications, 2) assesses the UX over different prototypes using three different metrics, 3) provides methodological insights on UX evaluation experiments and, 4) is useful for anyone who wants to develop handheld applications after understanding user expectations and how his experience should progress The results of the study show that users value concreteness, realizability, personalization, novelty, intuitiveness and the usefulness of presented information Paying attention to these factors can help develop more acceptable MAR applications and lead to more novel future designs

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A Case Study on User Experience (UX) Evaluation of Mobile Augmented Reality Prototypes

In most MANET clustering protocols, the clusterhead nodes take on a special role in managing routing information. However, the frequent changes of the clusterheads affect the performance of the routing protocol. Eventually, the clustering stability in MANET would be significantly affected. The route between two nodes changes constantly as the clusterhead set changes. Also, since the clusterhead has the recent routing information in the cluster-based routing protocol, a collapse of the cluster leads to loss those information that was stored at its clusterhead. To elect a new clusterhead, exchanging messages to reform the cluster which considered communication overhead are needed. The goal then would be to keep the average cluster residence time for such a node in a cluster as long as possible. This time is defined as the time a node remains associated with a given cluster not a given clusterhead. This can be done by deploying a secondary clusterhead for each clusterhead which we call here primary clusterhead. This secondary clusterhead, which is a regular member node, is identified and assigned by its primary to be the future leader of the cluster. Since the future clusterhead is known by the cluster members, the cluster leadership is transferred smoothly and the cluster is reformed immediately with no need to invoke the clustering algorithm. Hence, the smooth clusterhead transfer from a node to another aims at increasing the cluster residence time which sustains the stability of the network, decrease the clustering communication overhead and minimize the time spent by each node to join or to reform a cluster.

A stable clustering formation infrastructure protocol in mobile ad hoc networks

In most MANET clustering protocols, the clusterhead nodes take on a special role in managing routing information. However, the frequent changes of the clusterheads affect the performance of all the protocols that rely on it. Due to the dynamic nature of the mobile nodes, their association and disassociation to and from clusters perturb the stability of the network and the problem becomes worse if these nodes are clusterheads. Eventually, the clustering stability in MANET would be significantly affected. To enhance the network stability, in this paper we introduce a new approach to reform the cluster, namely the Smooth and Efficient Re-Clustering (SERC) protocol. This approach is based on providing a secondary clusterhead (SCH) for each clusterhead which we call here primary clusterhead (PCH). This SCH, which is a regular member node, is identified and assigned by its PCH to be the future leader of the cluster. The SCH will be triggered to be the PCH when the former PCH can no longer be a clusterhead. Since the future clusterhead is known by the cluster members, the cluster leadership will be transferred smoothly and the cluster will be reformed immediately with no need to invoke the clustering algorithm. Also, since the member nodes are associated with the cluster with its subsequent clusterheads, the cluster looks stable to the other clusters. Hence, the smooth clusterhead transfer from a node to another aims at increasing the cluster residence time, which will sustain the stability of the network, decrease the clustering communication overhead and, minimize the time spent by each node to join or to reform a cluster.

Enhancements for clustering stability in mobile ad hoc networks

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks comprise a large number of machine-type communication (MTC) devices such as sensors, radio frequency identification readers, and smart meters. Thus, M2M networks are becoming popular in real-time monitoring, surveillance, and security applications. Scheduling the active and idle states of MTC devices is significantly important to achieve a longer network lifetime and reduce collision during data transmission. Existing node sleep scheduling schemes are mainly designed to reduce the energy consumption of MTC devices. These schemes do not support mobility of MTC devices and thus cannot be used in mobility-centric M2M applications. Thus, we propose a cluster-based energy-efficient, mobility-centric node scheduling scheme for M2M (CENM) communication networks. The proposed CENM scheduling scheme provides (i) network coverage by keeping a minimum number of MTC devices in active state and (ii) fault tolerance by selecting alternative cluster heads and member nodes. Simulation results show that the CENM scheduling scheme is more reliable than the existing CCNS scheduling scheme since the first node in CENM scheme fails much later than that in CCNS scheduling scheme. Simulation results also show that the CENM scheduling scheme outperforms the CCNS, LEACH-M and LEACH-ME scheduling schemes in terms of network energy consumptions, network lifetime, and total message transmissions.

Mohammed S. Al-kahtani

Papers

Survey on security attacks in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)

A Case Study on User Experience (UX) Evaluation of Mobile Augmented Reality Prototypes

A stable clustering formation infrastructure protocol in mobile ad hoc networks

Enhancements for clustering stability in mobile ad hoc networks

Efficient Cluster-Based Sleep Scheduling for M2M Communication Network