Appearing in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA). Anchorage, Alaska, USA. May 11, 2003. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks Fred Stann, John Heidemann Abstract – Reliable data transport in wireless sensor networks is a multifaceted problem influenced by the physical, MAC, network, and transport layers. Because sensor networks are subject to strict resource constraints and are deployed by single organizations, they encourage revisiting traditional layering and are less bound by standardized placement of services such as reliability. This paper presents analysis and experiments resulting in specific recommendations for implementing reliable data transport in sensor nets. To explore reliability at the transport layer, we present RMST (Reliable Multi- Segment Transport), a new transport layer for Directed Diffusion. RMST provides guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/reassembly for applications that require them. RMST is a selective NACK-based protocol that can be configured for in-network caching and repair. Second, these energy constraints, plus relatively low wireless bandwidths, make in-network processing both feasible and desirable [3]. Third, because nodes in sensor networks are usually collaborating towards a common task, rather than representing independent users, optimization of the shared network focuses on throughput rather than fairness. Finally, because sensor networks are often deployed by a single organization with inexpensive hardware, there is less need for interoperability with existing standards. For all of these reasons, sensor networks provide an environment that encourages rethinking the structure of traditional communications protocols. The main contribution is an evaluation of the placement of reliability for data transport at different levels of the protocol stack. We consider implementing reliability in the MAC, transport layer, application, and combinations of these. We conclude that reliability is important at the MAC layer and the transport layer. MAC-level reliability is important not just to provide hop-by-hop error recovery for the transport layer, but also because it is needed for route discovery and maintenance. (This conclusion differs from previous studies in reliability for sensor nets that did not simulate routing. [4]) Second, we have developed RMST (Reliable Multi-Segment Transport), a new transport layer, in order to understand the role of in- network processing for reliable data transfer. RMST benefits from diffusion routing, adding minimal additional control traffic. RMST guarantees delivery, even when multiple hops exhibit very high error rates. 1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks provide an economical, fully distributed, sensing and computing solution for environments where conventional networks are impractical. This paper explores the design decisions related to providing reliable data transport in sensor nets. The reliable data transport problem in sensor nets is multi-faceted. The emphasis on energy conservation in sensor nets implies that poor paths should not be artificially bolstered via mechanisms such as MAC layer ARQ during route discovery and path selection [1]. Path maintenance, on the other hand, benefits from well- engineered recovery either at the MAC layer or the transport layer, or both. Recovery should not be costly however, since many applications in sensor nets are impervious to occasional packet loss, relying on the regular delivery of coarse-grained event descriptions. Other applications require loss detection and repair. These aspects of reliable data transport include the provision of guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/ reassembly of data entities larger than the network MTU. Sensor networks have different constraints than traditional wired nets. First, energy constraints are paramount in sensor networks since nodes can often not be recharged, so any wasted energy shortens their useful lifetime [2]. This work was supported by DARPA under grant DABT63-99-1-0011 as part of the SCAADS project, and was also made possible in part due to support from Intel Corporation and Xerox Corporation. Fred Stann and John Heidemann are with USC/Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA E-mail: fstann@usc.edu, johnh@isi.edu. 2 Architectural Choices There are a number of key areas to consider when engineering reliability for sensor nets. Many current sensor networks exhibit high loss rates compared to wired networks (2% to 30% to immediate neighbors)[1,5,6]. While error detection and correction at the physical layer are important, approaches at the MAC layer and higher adapt well to the very wide range of loss rates seen in sensor networks and are the focus of this paper. MAC layer protocols can ameliorate PHY layer unreliability, and transport layers can guarantee delivery. An important question for this paper is the trade off between implementation of reliability at the MAC layer (i.e. hop to hop) vs. the Transport layer, which has traditionally been concerned with end-to-end reliability. Because sensor net applications are distributed, we also considered implementing reliability at the application layer. Our goal is to minimize the cost of repair in terms of transmission.

RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks

The Wireless sensor network play a vital role in collecting a Real – Time data, monitoring environmental conditions based on technology adoption. These sensor network is the combination of sensing, computation, and communication through a single tiny device. Here many tiny nodes assemble and configure themselves. It also controls actuators that extend control from cyberspace into the physical world. Here the sensor nodes communicate with the local peers rather than the high – power control tower or base station. Instead, of relying on a predeployed infrastructure, each individual sensor or actuator become part of the overall infrastructure. Here we have three hardware platforms that addresses the needs of wireless sensor netwoks. The operating system here uses an event based execution to support concurrency. The platform serves as a baseline and does not contain any hardware accelerators. . First platform serves as a baseline and it produces Operating system concepts for refining concurrency mechanisms. The second node validates the architectural designs and improve the communicational rates. The third node represents the full realization of the general architecture. Keywords— node, platform, concurrency.

A Wireless Sensor Network.

It is knotty for current routing protocols to meet the needs of reliable data diffusion during the Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. Due to the random placement, limited resources and unattended features of existing sensor nodes, the wireless transmissions are easily exposed to unauthorized users, which becomes a vulnerable area for various malicious attacks, such as wormhole and Sybil attacks. However, the scheme based on geographic location is a suitable candidate to defend against them. This paper is inspired to propose a smart collaborative routing protocol, Geographic energy aware routing and Inspecting Node (GIN), for guaranteeing the reliability of data exchanging. The proposed protocol integrates the directed diffusion routing, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and the inspecting node mechanism. We first discuss current wireless routing protocols from three diverse perspectives (improving transmission rate, shortening transmission range and reducing transmission consumption). Then, the details of GIN, including the model establishment and implementation processes, are presented by means of the theoretical analysis. Through leveraging the game theory, the inspecting node is elected to monitor the network behaviors. Thirdly, we evaluate the network performances, in terms of transmission delay, packet loss ratio, and throughput, between GIN and three traditional schemes (i.e., Flooding, GPSR, and GEAR). The simulation results illustrate that the proposed protocol is able to outperform the others.

A Smart Collaborative Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Diffusion in IoT Scenarios.

Cloud computing is an innovation methodology for giving pay per utilize access to a gathering of shared resources for specific systems, stockpiling, servers, administration and applications, without physically getting them. So it spares overseeing expense and time for organizations. Numerous businesses, for example, keeping money, social insurance and instruction are moving towards the cloud because of the productivity of administrations gave by the compensation per-use design in view of the assets, for example, preparing influence utilized, exchanges completed, storage capacity devoured, information exchanged, or storage room possessed and so on. Cloud computing is a totally web based innovation where customer information is put away and kept in the server farm of a cloud supplier like Google, Amazon, Salesforce.com and Microsoft and so on. Constrained control over the information may acquire different security issues and threats which incorporate data breach, unreliable connectivity, sharing of resources, data accessibility and inside attacks. A breach of security may lead to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed. There are different research challenges likewise there for embracing data breaches on cloud computing. This paper examines about cloud computing, different cloud models and primary security threats and data breach issues that are right now exploring in the cloud computing framework. This paper investigates the noteworthy research and difficulties that presents data breach in cloud computing and provides best practices to service providers and additionally endeavors plan to influence cloud servers to enhance their main concern in this serious economic scenario.

A survey on data breach challenges in cloud computing security: Issues and threats

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by deploying as large number of sensor nodes in an area for the surveillance of generally remote locations. A typical sensor node is made up of different components to perform the task of sensing, processing and transmitting data. WSNs are used for many applications in diverse forms from indoor deployment to outdoor deployment. The basic requirement of every application is to use the secured network. Providing security to the sensor network is a very challenging issue along with saving its energy. Many security threats may affect the functioning of these networks. WSNs must be secured to keep an attacker from hindering the delivery of sensor information and from forging sensor information as these networks are build for remote surveillance and unauthorized changes in the sensed data may lead to wrong information to the decision makers. This paper studies the various security issues and security threats in WSNs. Also, gives brief description of some of the protocols used to achieve security in the network. This paper also compares the proposed methodologies analytically and demonstrates the findings in a table. These findings can be used further by other researchers or Network implementers for making the WSN secure by choosing the best security mechanism.

Security issues in Wireless Sensor Network — A review

Cloud Computing is one of the popular techniques in distributed computing due to its ability to minimize the cost of computing when scalability and flexibility of computer process get increased Cloud Computing provides shared resources and services via internet Services are delivered through data center Cloud Computing allows an interesting business proposal for IT industries to provide IT services without any extra investment Client is able to perform heavy computer processes with low capable device (like mobile) which has resource to run the web browser But cloud computing is crowded with many security related issues When client saves his data to the company's cloud, there may be chance of data breaching So the purpose of this paper is to search out various issues in cloud computing where all computing is done on the server side and both data & tasks are stored on the data centers

Cloud computing and its security issues — A review

Location based routing protocols are used in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in which the information about the location of nodes is used for communication. It is also known as geographic routing protocol or position based routing protocols. These protocols reduce the energy consumption and increase the lifetime of the network. This paper gives an explanation about location based routing and also analysis some important location based routing protocols Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR), Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) and Minimum Energy Communication Network (MECN) in detail. For better understanding, the comparison between these protocols is shown.

Location based protocols in Wireless Sensor Network — A review

The popularity of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has increased tremendously in recent times. WSN connects the physical world with the virtual world by forming a network of sensor nodes. In a sensor network the sensor nodes sense the data within their sensing range. Each node has limited energy which is used in transmitting and receiving the data thus energy preservation is most important for the survival of sensor networks for longer period time. Many routing protocols in WSN are used for the same purpose. In WSN, Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) is a location based routing protocol which transmits data on the basis of location information of destination node. It works in three phases i.e. discovery phase, sleeping phase and active phase. This paper proposes a mechanism to improve the discovery phase and reduces the energy used by nodes in discovery phase and increases the lifetime of network. Implementation of proposed Optimized GAF protocol is done using MATLAB.

Optimized GAF in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is becoming famous because of its use in various applications of different areas such as environment, defense, medical, house, media and education. WSN is a structure free network where requirement of application decides the network structure, topology and routing protocols. Data transmission in sensor network is possible with the help of routing protocols. There are multiple routing protocols in WSN which provide efficient data delivery but reliability is still a major constraint of WSN. When data is transmitted from source node to the sink or Base Station (BS), some data packets may lost due to some reason such as failure of node, dead node. Sometimes node is not interested in forwarding data and drops the data packet. The problem of lost data affects the reliability of the network. Various energy efficient protocols have been proposed but they do not ensure reliability. This paper studies the reliability issue. Also highlights some of the proposed techniques to make network more reliable.

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Reliable SPIN in Wireless Sensor Network: A Review

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is getting famous by its implementation and research exponentially in current time. Sensors can be configured on the basis of condition & when condition matches to the sensor then sensor collects some information. This information is transferred to the base station (BS). The data routing is performed by routing protocols. There are various types of routing protocols which ensures the data delivery. But the reliability is still a constraint for data delivery in WSN. In WSN, Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) is a data centric routing protocol which forwards data to neighbor nodes but it does not ensures the reliable data delivery. If one or more nodes in the path of communication get dead then data transmission through those nodes stops and data won't be transferred to the destination. As well as If node does not have interest in data then that node will not transfer data too. So there is a requirement of increasing the reliability of SPIN Protocol. This paper is proposing a Reliable SPIN to increase the data delivery with the inclusion of acknowledgement from the sink to the intermediate nodes and the source node by using selective forwarding. If source node has unacknowledged data packets then it will be forward those data packets again. MATLAB is used as the simulation tool. Results are obtained on the basis of QoS parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, and Routing Overhead.

Mohit Sharma

Papers

Cloud computing and its security issues — A review

Location based protocols in Wireless Sensor Network — A review

Optimized GAF in Wireless Sensor Network

Reliable SPIN in Wireless Sensor Network: A Review

Reliable SPIN in Wireless Sensor Network