Impacts of additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines during steady state operation

Emulsifier-free Water-in-Diesel emulsion fuel: Its stability behaviour, engine performance and exhaust emission

Nano-additives incorporated water in diesel emulsion fuel: Fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics assessment

Performance, emissions and lubricant oil analysis of diesel engine running on emulsion fuel

Performance, emissions and carbon deposit characteristics of diesel engine operating on emulsion fuel

Emulsion fuel is an unconventional fuel for diesel engines, which can be used without modifications in the engine. The benefits of an emulsion fuel include lowering the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO
 x
 ) and particulate matter (PM) which are harmful to health and cause diesel engines to suffer. This paper explains in detail the effect of water in the emulsion fuel on the emissions of NO
 x
 , PM, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and exhaust temperature. Experimental results from various researchers show a decrease in the NO
 x
 and PM emissions simultaneously. However, the results with the increasing water percentage in emulsion fuel are not consistent for HC and CO emissions. The water content in emulsion fuel affects the combustion and reduces the peak temperature in the combustion chamber. On the other hand, microexplosion phenomenon occurs and causes an increase in the volatility of diesel fuel which improves the combustion efficiency.

Effect of emulsion fuel on engine emissions–A review

In general, water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion reduces both particulate matter and nitrogen oxides gas emissions level in diesel engine application as compared of using conventional diesel fuel. W/D emulsion was usually produced by addition of water into the diesel fuel with a slight quantity of surfactant at high speed of propeller mixing. The studies examine the result of several aspects on emulsion stability. Investigated variables are type of surfactant, mixing speed and mixing time. Surfactant used are span 80 and many type of glycerines which have been derived from a corn oil, palm oil, soy oil, rice bran oil and sunflower oil. The results show that the type of surfactant gives a big impact on the stability period of the emulsion fuel. The higher mixing speed and less water percentage increase the stability period of W/D emulsion fuel. Optimum mixing time is 5 minutes for W/D emulsion fuel which using Span 80 as surfactant with mixing speed of 2500 rpm.

Stability Studies of Water-in-Diesel Emulsion

Air pollution has always been a concern with increasing urbanization and poor land use planning adding to the problem. This study sets out to investigate the relationship between land use composition of an area and its ambient concentration of 10-μm-or-less particulate matter (PM10). For this study, Iskandar Malaysia has been chosen as the study area. To compensate for the limited number of air quality monitoring stations in the study area, Terra MODIS aerosol optical depth Level 2 products are used to assess PM10 concentration spatially. Land use data were developed from LANDSAT images used together with the land use database from the local authority. Finally, the relationship between land use composition and concentrations of PM10 in the study area are explained using contour ternary plots. The plots show how different compositions of three major urban land uses (residential, commercial, industrial) in an area results in different concentration levels of PM10. Concentrations of PM10 are evidently more affected by commercial land use, followed by industrial land use. Hence, responsible authorities in Iskandar Malaysia could control or reduce air pollution in an area by planning a better land use composition.

Relationship between land use composition and PM10 concentrations in Iskandar Malaysia

This paper discusses the relationship between land use composition and the degree of air pollution, specifically PM10, in Iskandar Malaysia. Aspiring to be a low carbon region and a smart city, Iskandar Malaysia has to meet the social and economic needs of its growing population while taking care of all the environmental challenges that come with rapid urbanization. The intermittent regional haze episodes in the past years have shrouded this region with particulate matters including PM10, but the major cause of the haze was extensive agricultural open burning rather than land use change. Since there is no doubt land use change itself can be a significant contributor to local PM10 concentration, separating PM10 caused by the local (land use change) source from that of the regional source would enable us to investigate the trend in local PM10 pollution level. Therefore, a study on the Iskandar Malaysiaâ€™s PM10 readings for the years 2002, 2006 and 2008 was carried out with the aim to identify the relationship between land use composition and PM10 concentrations. The background concentration of PM10 was extracted by using the base flow separation process commonly used in the hydrograph study. The extracted background concentration was then interpolated with the Terra MODIS level 2 product to identify the PM10 concentration for the whole Iskandar Malaysia region, spatially. Since data for land use changes are compositional data in nature, where the percentages of different land use coverages always add up to unity, the barycentric or ternary plot had been used to investigate the relationship between PM10 concentrations with the land use composition (urban:agriculture:forest) in Iskandar Malaysia. The results show that air quality as represented by PM10 concentrations are inevitably linked to the land use changes at the local level notwithstanding the more noticeable but intermittent influence of the regional haze episodes. The degree of air pollution is noticeably controlled by the percentage of urban land use with PM10 clearly affected by the size of commercial area.

http://www.planningmalaysia.org/index.php/pmj/article/download/SI-4-30/171

An investigation on the relationship between land use composition and pm10 pollution in Iskandar Malaysia

This paper discusses the relationship between urbanization and air quality, particularly PM10, in Iskandar Malaysia. As a model for future urban development in Malaysia, Iskandar Malaysia has to meet the social and economic needs of its growing population while taking care of all the environmental challenges that come with rapid urbanization. The occurrence of regional haze episodes in the past has shrouded the region with particulate matters including PM10, but the major cause of the haze was extensive agricultural open burning rather than urbanization. Since urbanization can be a significant contributor to local PM10 concentration, separating locally-generated PM10 from that of the regional source would enable us to investigate the trend in PM10 level due to urbanization. Therefore, a study on the Iskandar Malaysia’s PM10 readings from 2000 to 2012 was carried out with the aim to identify the relationship between urbanization and PM10 concentration. The background concentration of the readings was extracted by using the base flow separation process commonly used in the hydrograph study. The extracted background PM10 was then correlated with the level of urbanization as represented by the accretion of built up area. The result shows that air quality as represented by PM10 concentration is inevitably linked to urbanization at the local level notwithstanding the more noticeable but intermittent influence of the regional haze episodes. Iskandar Malaysia therefore needs to also be aware of the air pollution at its doorstep while keeping an eye out for haze from neighbouring countries Rafee Majid 2014_Urbanization and PM10 Pollution.

Muhammad Azahar Zikri Zahari

Papers

Effect of emulsion fuel on engine emissions–A review

Stability Studies of Water-in-Diesel Emulsion

Relationship between land use composition and PM10 concentrations in Iskandar Malaysia

An investigation on the relationship between land use composition and pm10 pollution in Iskandar Malaysia

Urbanization and PM10 pollution in Iskandar Malaysia