The security issue impacting the Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm has recently attracted significant attention from the research community. To this end, several surveys were put forward addressing various IoT-centric topics, including intrusion detection systems, threat modeling, and emerging technologies. In contrast, in this paper, we exclusively focus on the ever-evolving IoT vulnerabilities. In this context, we initially provide a comprehensive classification of state-of-the-art surveys, which address various dimensions of the IoT paradigm. This aims at facilitating IoT research endeavors by amalgamating, comparing, and contrasting dispersed research contributions. Subsequently, we provide a unique taxonomy, which sheds the light on IoT vulnerabilities, their attack vectors, impacts on numerous security objectives, attacks which exploit such vulnerabilities, corresponding remediation methodologies and currently offered operational cyber security capabilities to infer and monitor such weaknesses. This aims at providing the reader with a multidimensional research perspective related to IoT vulnerabilities, including their technical details and consequences, which is postulated to be leveraged for remediation objectives. Additionally, motivated by the lack of empirical (and malicious) data related to the IoT paradigm, this paper also presents a first look on Internet-scale IoT exploitations by drawing upon more than 1.2 GB of macroscopic, passive measurements’ data. This aims at practically highlighting the severity of the IoT problem, while providing operational situational awareness capabilities, which undoubtedly would aid in the mitigation task, at large. Insightful findings, inferences and outcomes in addition to open challenges and research problems are also disclosed in this paper, which we hope would pave the way for future research endeavors addressing theoretical and empirical aspects related to the imperative topic of IoT security.

Demystifying IoT Security: An Exhaustive Survey on IoT Vulnerabilities and a First Empirical Look on Internet-Scale IoT Exploitations

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors utilized for the IoT is expected to exceed 200 billion by 2025. Thus, sustainable energy supplies without the recharging and replacement of the charge storage device have become increasingly important. Among various energy harvesters, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted considerable attention due to its high instantaneous output power, broad selection of available materials, eco-friendly and inexpensive fabrication process, and various working modes customized for target applications. The TENG harvests electrical energy from wasted mechanical energy in the ambient environment. Three types of operational modes based on contact-separation, sliding, and freestanding are reviewed for two different configurations with a double-electrode and a single-electrode structure in the TENGs. Various charge transfer mechanisms to explain the operational principles of TENGs during triboelectrification are also reviewed for electron, ion, and material transfers. Thereafter, diverse methodologies to enhance the output power considering the energy harvesting efficiency and energy transferring efficiency are surveyed. Moreover, approaches involving not only energy harvesting by a TENG but also energy storage by a charge storage device are also reviewed. Finally, a variety of applications with TENGs are introduced. This review can help to advance TENGs for use in self-powered sensors, energy harvesters, and other systems. It can also contribute to assisting with more comprehensive and rational designs of TENGs for various applications.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator: Structure, Mechanism, and Applications.

A–Z survey of Internet of Things: Architectures, protocols, applications, recent advances, future directions and recommendations

With the continuous expansion and evolution of IoT applications, attacks on those IoT applications continue to grow rapidly. In this systematic literature review (SLR) paper, our goal is to provide a research asset to researchers on recent research trends in IoT security. As the main driver of our SLR paper, we proposed six research questions related to IoT security and machine learning. This extensive literature survey on the most recent publications in IoT security identified a few key research trends that will drive future research in this field. With the rapid growth of large scale IoT attacks, it is important to develop models that can integrate state of the art techniques and technologies from big data and machine learning. Accuracy and efficiency are key quality factors in finding the best algorithms and models to detect IoT attacks in real or near real-time

Machine learning approaches to IoT security: A systematic literature review

The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to transform the human society toward becoming intelligent, convenient, and efficient with potentially enormous economic and environmental benefits. Reliability is one of the main challenges that must be addressed to enable this revolutionized transformation. Based on the layered IoT architecture, this article first identifies reliability challenges posed by specific enabling technologies of each layer. This article then presents a systematic synthesis and review of IoT reliability-related literature. Reliability models and solutions at four layers (perception, communication, support, and application) are reflected and classified. Despite the rich body of works performed, the IoT reliability research is still in its early stage. Challenging research problems and opportunities are then discussed in relation to current underexplored behaviors and future new aspects of evolving IoT system complexity and dynamics.

Reliability in Internet of Things: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The use of the Internet is growing in this day and age, so another area has developed to use the Internet, called Internet of Things (IoT). It facilitates the machines and objects to communicate, compute and coordinate with each other. It is an enabler for the intelligence affixed to several essential features of the modern world, such as homes, hospitals, buildings, transports and cities. The security and privacy are some of the critical issues related to the wide application of IoT. Therefore, these issues prevent the wide adoption of the IoT. In this paper, we are presenting an overview about different layered architectures of IoT and attacks regarding security from the perspective of layers. In addition, a review of mechanisms that provide solutions to these issues is presented with their limitations. Furthermore, we have suggested a new secure layered architecture of IoT to overcome these issues.

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IoT Elements, Layered Architectures and Security Issues: A Comprehensive Survey.

In recent years, Named-Data Network (NDN) has been introduced and considered as an emerging movement for the architecture of future Internet. It depends on the data-centric communication approach to retrieve content objects from the network. In such a way, NDN is expected to assist several applications such as VANET, known as Vehicular Named-Data Network (VNDN). In VNDN, a vehicle broadcasts an Interest packet to retrieve required content object regardless end-to-end connection with other vehicles. This situation leads to the broadcast storm problem of Interest packets, where each vehicle have to broadcast same Interest packet within their transmission range in the network. Further, this situation may lead to the additional delay and wastage of network resources. Along, it degrades the performance of VANET applications. In this paper, a new strategy, named as Broadcast Storm Mitigation Strategy (BSMS) is proposed in order to mitigate the broadcast problem of the Interest packets in the network. Furthermore, vehicles travel at high and different speeds. Therefore, Data packets do not reach to the consumer vehicle by following the same path as Interest packet. However, the proposed scheme also provides a solution to tackle the problem of disconnect link. The proposed scheme is evaluated by use of simulations which demonstrates that BSMS provides better results as compared to traditional native VNDN implementation in terms of average number of Interest packets broadcast in the network and average time delay per Interest satisfied.

BSMS: A Reliable Interest Forwarding Protocol for NDN based VANETs

Vehicular Named-Data Network (VNDN) is an adoption of Named-Data Network (NDN) and Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET) Unlike current Internet architecture ie, TCP/IP, vehicles require desired content objects by broadcasting the name of them in the form of Interest packet The vehicle who has requested content object, simply generates Data packet and broadcasts towards the content requester vehicle In VNDN, there exist no end-to-end connection between vehicles However, this situation may lead to the problem of broadcast storm of Interest packets, where each vehicle transmit Interest packet in the network to search the producer vehicle There are a lot of proposed work exist to avoid broadcast storm of Interest packets, but, these solutions lead towards the problem of disconnect link and isolated network between vehicles The disconnect link prevent Data packets from reaching to the content requester due to high and different speed of the vehicles Further, isolated network refers as whenever vehicles become unable to broadcast Interest packets in the network However, a forwarding strategy, Velocity based Reliable Forwarding Strategy (VRFS) is proposed in order to avoid disconnect link problem and isolated network in VNDN For this purpose, the speed and location information of the vehicles are used during the communication in the network Furthermore, the proposed scheme is evaluated through simulations as well as compared to the traditional VNDN implementation

Velocity Based Reliable Forwarding Strategy Towards Disconnect Link Avoidance in NDN-VANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the network where every node is considered mobile. The mobility nature of nodes in the wireless environment is the issue due to which packets are not able to reach from source to destinations and vice versa. Furthermore, Named Data Networks (NDN) is a new Internet architecture in which data transfer is made in terms of named content. This architecture is used in place of conventional Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. In it, the mobility of producer and consumer is the highlighted problem that results in packet drops and an increased number of retransmissions. Furthermore, Software Defined Networking (SDN) is the approach in which the control plane is separated from the data plane. It takes the functionality of the control plane from each node and gives it to the controller, which calculates the flow tables. However, the integration Software Defined Network with the Mobile Ad hoc Network provides the overall network's vision. To control the mobility issue of nodes, an SDN-based routing protocol, named Controller-Based Intelligent Location and Energy Manager (CBILEM) is proposed. Another contribution of this article is that only nodes with a sufficient amount of battery are allowed to take part in the communication process. It also reduces the problem of sudden unavailability of nodes in the network due to which transmission disruption is minimized. However, the proposed routing protocol considers mobility and energy sufficiency while fulfilling requests. Furthermore, extensive simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed protocol by using the ndnSIM simulator. However, the proposed protocol achieves better performance results as compared to the existing protocols. 

CBILEM: A novel energy aware mobility handling protocol for SDN based NDN-MANETs

Recent growth in network architecture like the Internet of Underwater Thing (IoUT) and future Internet paradigm like Named Data Network (NDN) has caught the scientific community's attention. NDN is considered a replacement for traditional IP-based networks. By using NDN, the node address is replaced with a content name to improve data availability. On the other hand, IoUT is a promising method for actively exploring and evaluating the marine environment. Based on the available marine environment, IoUT communication faces obstacles. When NDN is applied on IoUT the broadcast storm problem arises. This problem is caused by the same kind of packets, which increases the overall number of requests and retransmissions. In IoUT, the timely and rapid transfer of crucial packets is an issue. In this paper, we proposed a Selective Neighbor-based Broadcast Storm Scheme (SNBS) in NDN-enabled IoUT (N-IoUT), which uses the counter value to solve the broadcast storm problem. To regulate the broadcast storm and ensure efficient packet transfers, our approach selects the furthest autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) based on a counter value. The proposed method is tested using simulation, which reveals that SNBS performs better as compared to the native NDN concerning the number of Interest packets and Interest satisfaction delay.

Muhammad Burhan

Papers

IoT Elements, Layered Architectures and Security Issues: A Comprehensive Survey.

BSMS: A Reliable Interest Forwarding Protocol for NDN based VANETs

Velocity Based Reliable Forwarding Strategy Towards Disconnect Link Avoidance in NDN-VANETs

CBILEM: A novel energy aware mobility handling protocol for SDN based NDN-MANETs

Efficient Interest Packet Forwarding Solution for NDN enabled Internet of Underwater Things