An overwhelmed number of vehicles has wrecked the current system of transportation due to rapid growth in population. Smart cities are the novel innovation that is inevitable to curb the problems of traffic jams, unorganized traffic, environmental pollution, and slow response rate to emergency situations. The intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an integral part of smart cities allowing communications and interaction among vehicles. An autonomous vehicle is the key element of ITS and the mass implementation of this emerging technology is the solution to traffic problems linked to the current transportation system. Autonomous vehicles lead to the need for efficient and reliable external vehicular communications particularly through vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). However, utilizing a suitable routing protocol to provide stable routing and efficient performance for vehicular communications in autonomous vehicles is a key factor. Routing protocols are particularly important for establishing vehicular to vehicular and vehicular to infrastructure (V2X) communication, which is incredibly challenging due to the movement of nodes. The quality of inter-vehicular communications is widely affected by numerous factors such as routing protocols, traffic environment, and traffic density. This article presents a detailed evaluation of three commonly used protocols, i.e., Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) under three different traffic environments. To investigate the performance of these routing protocols under diverse environments, simulations are extended further by using the varying density of vehicles. This study aims at finding the best routing protocol for efficient and reliable packet dissemination among vehicles under different scenarios.

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Performance Evaluation of Data Dissemination Protocols for Connected Autonomous Vehicles

A vehicular adhoc network (VANET) recently emerged in the the Internet of Vehicles (IoV); it involves the computational processing of moving vehicles. Nowadays, IoV has turned into an interesting field of research as vehicles can be equipped with processors, sensors, and communication devices. IoV gives rise to handoff, which involves changing the connection points during the online communication session. This presents a major challenge for which many standardized solutions are recommended. Although there are various proposed techniques and methods to support seamless handover procedure in IoV, there are still some open research issues, such as unavoidable packet loss rate and latency. On the other hand, the emerged concept of edge mobile computing has gained crucial attention by researchers that could help in reducing computational complexities and decreasing communication delay. Hence, this paper specifically studies the handoff challenges in cluster based handoff using new concept of dynamic edge-backup node. The outcomes are evaluated and contrasted with the network mobility method, our proposed technique, and other cluster-based technologies. The results show that coherence in communication during the handoff method can be upgraded, enhanced, and improved utilizing the proposed technique.

Smart Handoff Technique for Internet of Vehicles Communication using Dynamic Edge-Backup Node

A Vehicular Ad Hoc Network is a dynamic network due to uncertain vehicles presence on the road and data transmission among vehicles and Road Side Unit (RSU). Efficient communication among the vehicles and RSUs is useful for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). There are two types of communication Vehicle 2 Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle 2 Infrastructure (V2I) performs in VANET by mobile ad hoc technology. The communication performance of the VANET depends on the routing data. The routing protocols play an important role in efficient data routing in VANET. VANET routing protocols are reviewed, and clustering in VANET is introduced in this study. An extensive survey is carried out on various benchmark clustering algorithms designed by different researchers for Cluster Head (CH) selection. Various parameters for evaluating the performance in a network are compared and analyzed. Also, we introduce our proposed algorithm which aims to increase the reliability of VANET routing.

Survey on Clustering in VANET Networks

Traffic management challenges in peak seasons for popular destinations such as Madinah city have accelerated the need for and introduction of autonomous vehicles and Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to assist in communication and alleviation of traffic congestions. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of communication routing protocols in VANETs between autonomous and human-driven vehicles in Madinah city in varying traffic conditions. A simulation of assorted traffic distributions and densities were modeled in an extracted map of Madinah city and then tested in two application scenarios with three ad hoc routing protocols using a combination of traffic and network simulation tools working in tandem. The results measured for the average trip time show that opting for a fully autonomous vehicle scenario reduces the trip time of vehicles by approximately 7.1% in high traffic densities and that the reactive ad hoc routing protocols induce the least delay for network packets to reach neighboring VANET vehicles. From these observations, it can be asserted that autonomous vehicles provide a significant reduction in travel time and that either of the two reactive ad hoc routing protocols could be implemented for the VANET implementation in Madinah city. Furthermore, we perform an ANOVA test to examine the effects of the factors that are considered in our study on the variation of the results.

/pdf/performance-evaluation-of-vanet-routing-protocols-in-madinah-23qifzla.pdf

Performance Evaluation of VANET Routing Protocols in Madinah City

The abrupt change in demand of internet services has motivated our vehicular wireless network also termed as Vehicular Ad-Hoc network. In Vehicular Ad-hoc network, nodes or vehicles can directly communicate to each other because no central management unit is present in it. With the massive development in wireless technology, VANET has grasped the interest of the researchers. VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc network) in basic is a sub-part of MANET (Mobile Ad hoc network) but it becomes specialized because of its exceptional properties (high mobility, dynamic topology). An efficient data transfer between vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to fixed infrastructure (V2F) is possible by having reliable data transmission without any failure and this can be performed by choosing the right routing protocol which will help in finding the optimal route from host to target. In this paper numerous routing protocols of VANET are reviewed and summarized on ground of their strengths and limitations.

Comprehensive Study of Various Routing Protocols in VANET

Wireless technology is developing very fast. Most of the researchers are working in the field of wireless communication. VANET is an evolving technology in the field of wireless communication and with the advancement it will contribute more to the smart transportation system in days to come. VANET gives a communication framework that has enhanced the traffic service and helped in reducing the road accidents. Data sharing in this system is time sensitive and require quick and vigorous network connection forming. VANET is serving the said purposes but there are some issues and challenges like efficient handling of fast handovers for video streaming applications. Therefore, in this paper we have reviewed and discussed several studies related to the routing protocols to judge which one is the best for video applications in VANET. Moreover, after studying different systems made by the researchers, we have critically analyzed them and found advantages and disadvantages for the future works. Also, simulation is performed to check the delays and throughput comparisons between the routing protocols. Furthermore, with the experiments we have proven that the AODV performance is better than the other ad-hoc protocols in VANET environment.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012064/pdf

Muhammad Rizwan Ghori

Papers

VANET Routing Protocols: Review, Implementation and Analysis