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Power Electronics Converters Applications And Design

Microgrids as a resilience resource and strategies used by microgrids for enhancing resilience

The coexistence of ac and dc subgrids in a hybrid microgrid is likely given that modern distributed sources can either be ac or dc. Linking these subgrids is a power converter, whose topology should preferably be not too unconventional. This is to avoid unnecessary compromises to reliability, simplicity, and industry relevance of the converter. The desired operating features of the hybrid microgrid can then be added through this interlinking converter. To demonstrate, an appropriate control scheme is now developed for controlling the interlinking converter. The objective is to keep the hybrid microgrid in autonomous operation with active power proportionally shared among its distributed sources. Power sharing here should depend only on the source ratings and not their placements within the hybrid microgrid. The proposed scheme can also be extended to include energy storage within the interlinking converter, as already proven in simulation and experiment. These findings have not been previously discussed in the literature, where existing schemes are mostly for an ac or a dc microgrid, but not both in coexistence.

Autonomous Control of Interlinking Converters with Energy Storages in Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids

High-impact and low-probability (HILP) extreme events can cause severe damage to power systems. Microgrids (MGs) with distributed generation resources provide a viable solution for the resilience enhancement of distribution networks during extreme events. In this paper, resilience-oriented modeling details are appropriately presented across four dimensions: modeling objectives and metrics, resilience scenarios, control methods and resilience-oriented strategies. Three types of objective functions are commonly used in existing literature: load maximization, cost minimization and frequency stabilization. To mimic realistic resilience scenarios, uncertainty information, contingencies, distributed generation resources and interdependencies between power systems and other networks (e.g. gas networks) are main factors that need to be considered. Energy management system, optimal power flow and dynamic control are three basic approaches utilized to model resilient power systems. As far as operational strategies in relation to network topologies are concerned, four types are typically met in the literature, these being existing MGs for network resilience, dynamic formation of MGs, islanding schemes of MGs and networked MGs. Different types of MGs and different control methods are also appropriately presented in this part. Finally, research challenges are identified and several future research directions are provided.

On microgrids and resilience: A comprehensive review on modeling and operational strategies

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are being integrated into the power market by customers rather than large scale energy suppliers, thereby slowly transforming the centralized, unidirectional market to a decentralized, bidirectional market and transitioning customers into prosumers. Various system architectures are used in the real field to coordinate the energy distribution in the micro/ mini-grids integrated with DERs, all of which have their strengths, weaknesses and challenges. Peer-to-peer (P2P) is an emerging architecture in the field of electrical energy trading and Distributed Generation (DG) management that can be applied in local energy markets. This paper focuses on P2P energy trading, with an in-depth discussion on its various operating algorithms, their principles, characteristics, features and scope through state of art review on P2P. Furthermore, the energy system of Nepal is used as a case study in this paper, and the micro/mini-grids of Nepal and their associated challenges, constraints and opportunities for improvement are discussed. Finally, an energy trading model is proposed to address the problems occurring in the specific case of Nepalese energy market.

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Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Micro/Mini-Grids for Local Energy Communities: A Review and Case Study of Nepal

The impending environmental issues and growing concerns for global energy crises are driving the need for new opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly higher demand for cleaner and sustainable energy systems. This necessitates the development of transportation and power generation systems. The electrification of the transportation system is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment, and challenging issues in the implementation of Electric vehicles (EVs) infrastructural and charging systems in conjunction with several international standards and charging codes. It further analyzes EVs impacts and prospects in society. A complete assessment of charging systems for EVs with battery charging techniques is explained. Moreover, the beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs are categorized and thoroughly reviewed. Remedial measures for harmful impacts are presented and benefits obtained therefrom are highlighted. Bidirectional charging offers the fundamental feature of vehicle to grid technology. In this paper, the current challenging issues due to the massive deployment of EVs, and upcoming research trends are also presented. It is envisioned that the researchers interested in such areas can find this paper valuable and an informative one-stop source.

A Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical Challenges, Impacts and Prospects for Electric Vehicles

Renewable energy source (RES) based islanded DC microgrid with enhanced resilient control

Communication-based distributed secondary control is extensively used in DC microgrids. Compared to centralized control, it can provide better voltage regulation and load sharing in microgrids. A conventional secondary control technique that converges the system to a common operating point is improved by using the control methodology to detect the communication link failure and stabilize the system operation during communication islanding. Recently, more robust control schemes have been proposed to improve resilience, but communication islanding has not been addressed at the secondary level control for which the system requires additional tertiary control. However, link failure is a possibility in the microgrid, so this paper proposes a control scheme at the secondary level to detect communication islanding. Communication islanding may lead the system to unpredictable behavior, which may cause the system to become unstable and may further lead to a cascading failure. The proposed control scheme sustains the stability and operation of a DC microgrid. Voltage and current observer works in a parallel manner with the proposed secondary control to achieve a correction term for global operating points. The proposed control scheme has been verified through analysis and simulation.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/7/6/90/pdf

A Control Methodology for Load Sharing System Restoration in Islanded DC Micro Grid with Faulty Communication Links

Improvements in control of renewable energy-based microgrids are a growing area of interest. A hierarchical control structure is popularly implemented to regulate key parameters such as power sharing between generation sources, system frequency and node voltages. A distributed control infrastructure is realized by means of a communication network that spans the micro-distribution grid. Measured and estimated values, as well as corrective signals are transmitted across this network to effect required system regulation. However, intermittent latencies and failures of component communication links may result in power imbalances between generation sources, deviations in node voltages and system frequency. This paper proposes a hierarchical control structure to regulate the operation of an islanded AC microgrid experiencing communication link failures. The proposed strategy aims to virtually sub-divide the microgrid into controllable “islands”. Thereafter, active power sharing, frequency and voltage restoration is achieved by competing converter systems through multi-agent consensus. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been verified through stability analyses using system wide mathematical small signal models and case study simulations in MATLAB, Simpower systems.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/7/7/105/pdf

Muhammad Umair Shahid

Papers

A Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical Challenges, Impacts and Prospects for Electric Vehicles

Renewable energy source (RES) based islanded DC microgrid with enhanced resilient control

A Control Methodology for Load Sharing System Restoration in Islanded DC Micro Grid with Faulty Communication Links

A Virtual Micro-Islanding-Based Control Paradigm for Renewable Microgrids

Risk Evaluation of Distribution Networks Considering Residential Load Forecasting with Stochastic Modeling of Electric Vehicles