We quantify the oceanic sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) over the period 1994 to 2007 by using observations from the global repeat hydrography program and contrasting them to observations from the 1990s. Using a linear regression–based method, we find a global increase in the anthropogenic CO 2 inventory of 34 ± 4 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) between 1994 and 2007. This is equivalent to an average uptake rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 Pg C year −1 and represents 31 ± 4% of the global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions over this period. Although this global ocean sink estimate is consistent with the expectation of the ocean uptake having increased in proportion to the rise in atmospheric CO 2 , substantial regional differences in storage rate are found, likely owing to climate variability–driven changes in ocean circulation.

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The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007

. Version 2 of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAPv2) data product is composed of data from 724 scientific cruises covering the global ocean. It includes data assembled during the previous efforts GLODAPv1.1 (Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 1.1) in 2004, CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic) in 2009/2010, and PACIFICA (PACIFic ocean Interior CArbon) in 2013, as well as data from an additional 168 cruises. Data for 12 core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CCl4) have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two formats: (i) as submitted but updated to WOCE exchange format and (ii) as a merged and internally consistent data product. In the latter, adjustments have been applied to remove significant biases, respecting occurrences of any known or likely time trends or variations. Adjustments applied by previous efforts were re-evaluated. Hence, GLODAPv2 is not a simple merging of previous products with some new data added but a unique, internally consistent data product. This compiled and adjusted data product is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen, 2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4 µmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 6 µmol kg−1 in total alkalinity, 0.005 in pH, and 5 % for the halogenated transient tracers. The original data and their documentation and doi codes are available at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/GLODAPv2/ ). This site also provides access to the calibrated data product, which is provided as a single global file or four regional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans – under the doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP093_GLODAPv2 . The product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data. These were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data. This paper documents the GLODAPv2 methods and products and includes a broad overview of the secondary quality control results. The magnitude of and reasoning behind each adjustment is available on a per-cruise and per-variable basis in the online Adjustment Table.

/pdf/the-global-ocean-data-analysis-project-version-2-glodapv2-an-459q5054so.pdf

The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean

Determination of phosphorus in natural waters: A historical review

The Weddell Gyre (WG) is one of the main oceanographic features of the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which plays an influential role in global ocean circulation as well as gas exchange with the atmosphere. We review the state‐of‐the art knowledge concerning the WG from an interdisciplinary perspective, uncovering critical aspects needed to understand this system's role in shaping the future evolution of oceanic heat and carbon uptake over the next decades. The main limitations in our knowledge are related to the conditions in this extreme and remote environment, where the polar night, very low air temperatures and presence of sea ice year‐round hamper field and remotely sensed measurements. We highlight the importance of winter and under‐ice conditions in the southern WG, the role that new technology will play to overcome present‐day sampling limitations, the importance of the WG connectivity to the low‐latitude oceans and atmosphere, and the expected intensification of the WG circulation as the westerly winds intensify. Greater international cooperation is needed to define key sampling locations that can be visited by any research vessel in the region. Existing transects sampled since the 1980s along the Prime Meridian and along an East‐West section at ~62°S should be maintained with regularity to provide answers to the relevant questions. This approach will provide long‐term data to determine trends and will improve representation of processes for regional, Antarctic‐wide and global modeling efforts – thereby enhancing predictions of the WG in global ocean circulation and climate.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018RG000604

The Weddell Gyre, Southern Ocean: Present Knowledge and Future Challenges

. The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a
synthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface to bottom ocean
biogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry
and related variables determined through chemical analysis of water samples.
This update of GLODAPv2, v2.2019, adds data from 116 cruises to the previous
version, extending its coverage in time from 2013 to 2017, while also adding
some data from prior years. GLODAPv2.2019 includes measurements from more
than 1.1 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 840
cruises. The data for the 12 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen,
nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity,
pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CCl4 ) have undergone extensive quality
control, especially systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in
two formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but updated to WOCE
exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments applied
to minimize bias. These adjustments were derived by comparing the data from
the 116 new cruises with the data from the 724 quality-controlled cruises of
the GLODAPv2 data product. They correct for errors related to measurement,
calibration, and data handling practices, taking into account any known or
likely time trends or variations. The compiled and adjusted data product is
believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen,
2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4  µ mol kg −1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4  µ mol kg −1 in total
alkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH, and 5 % in the halogenated transient
tracers. The compilation also includes data for several other variables,
such as isotopic tracers. These were not subjected to bias comparison or
adjustments. The original data, their documentation and DOI codes are available in the
Ocean Carbon Data System of NOAA NCEI
( https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/GLODAPv2_2019/ , last access: 17 September 2019). This
site also provides access to the merged data product, which is provided as a
single global file and as four regional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian,
and Pacific oceans – under https://doi.org/10.25921/xnme-wr20 
(Olsen et al., 2019). The
product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data.
These were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data.
This paper documents the GLODAPv2.2019 methods and provides a broad overview
of the secondary quality control procedures and results.

/pdf/glodapv2-2019-an-update-of-glodapv2-37jqi8q8wj.pdf

GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2

The development of Reference Materials for Nutrients in Seawater (RMNS) has been in progress since 1993. When RMNS were produced for nitrate, silicate, and phosphate, their initial homogeneities were as low as 0.1 to 0.2% in samples of high-nutrient seawater, such as deep water from the Pacific Ocean. The relative standard uncertainties associated with instability during long-term (4.8 years) storage were approximately 0.2, 0.2, and 0.4% for nitrate, silicate, and phosphate, respectively. No instability was observed for 1.9 to 6.4 years based on the ISO Guide 35:2006 criteria; however, the relative standard uncertainties associated with instability during long-term storage were larger than the initial homogeneities of RMNS. RMNS produced by state-of-the-art techniques are currently available for global use to improve the comparability of nutrients data in the open ocean and, as discussed here, are reliable candidates to be used for certified reference materials.

/pdf/current-status-of-homogeneity-and-stability-of-the-reference-2fsf0qht0f.pdf

Current status of homogeneity and stability of the reference materials for nutrients in seawater.

A method for producing a standard seawater solution for nutrient salt measurement, which comprises at least: an impurity removal step (S2) wherein impurities are removed from a seawater sample that contains nutrient salts; a main sterilization step (S4) wherein microorganisms in the seawater sample are killed; a bottling step (S6) wherein the seawater after the above-described treatments is poured into a resin bottle (3) and then hermetically sealed therein; and a metal sealing step (S7) wherein the outer surface of the resin bottle (3) after the hermetic sealing is covered with a film-like material (5) having a metal film (or a metal foil) (5a) and sealed by reduced pressure suction.

Method for producing standard seawater solution for nutrient salt measurement

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To appropriately maintain characteristic that seawater standard solution for measuring nutrient salt fundamentally needs to have without changing the characteristic even after storing for a long period.SOLUTION: The present invention which is a manufacturing method of seawater standard solution for measuring nutrient salt comprises at least: an impurity removal treatment process S2 to remove impurity from sample seawater containing nutrient salt; a main sterilization treatment process S4 to kill a microorganism in the sample seawater; a bottling process S6 to pour the treated seawater into a bottle 3 made of resin and to hermetically close the same; and a metal sealing process S7 to cover the bottle 3, which is made of the resin and hermetically closed, with a film-like body 5 having a metal film (or a metallic foil) 5a and to seal the bottle 3 through decompression sucking.

Munehito Kimura

Papers

Current status of homogeneity and stability of the reference materials for nutrients in seawater.

Method for producing standard seawater solution for nutrient salt measurement

Manufacturing method of seawater standard solution for measuring nutrient salt