This study of Matamba shell reviled them as material with outstanding surface morphology, elemental and kinetic mechanism characteristics. Mutamba biochar revealed irregular honeycomb morphological transformation from the field emission scanning electron microscope after pyrolysis at 600 °C for 2 h. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed high content of carbon (72.68wt%), nitrogen (14.14wt%) and oxygen (10.35wt%) on the biochar surface. The available oxygen composition provides enough polarization ability for high iodine adsorption (43.65 mmol/g) from the experimental data which were significantly induced by weak van der Waals forces and π-π and π-stacking interaction on the biochar surface and its micropores. The carbon content above 50% in ash rich biochar with an increase in pyrolysis can be ascribed to elements incorporated into aromatic or heterocyclic ring system established through preferential loss of oxygen at 600 °C pyrolysis. The adsorption kinetics were conducted to evaluate the equilibrium adsorption of the novel material and Elovich and Intra particle diffusion better described well the kinetic adsorption through Iodine adsorption than pseudo first order and pseudo second order models. Elovich was the best model to fit the adsorption kinetics with 45.41 mmol/(g•min) adsorption rate. The second order Akaike Information Criterion (38.26), adjusted correlation coefficient R2 (0.9898) and sum of squares error (1.442) were used to fit the data. Consequently, the biochar in this study can serve as a promising green material for efficiently removing organic and inorganic contaminants from the environmental water ecosystem. The environmental significance of biochar will be of fundamental meaning to rural areas in developing countries in aquatic contaminants immobilization for water reuse. These results indicate that the Matamba fruit shells has the possibility to be used as an eco-friendly and low-cost effective adsorbent for anionic dye removal from the water environment. They also demonstrate the immense potential of the fruit shell waste to produce high performance biochar as an alternative green carbonaceous material that can be applied to adsorb organic and inorganic unwanted constituencies from wastewater as well as improvement of waste management in developing countries at a low cost. Its application as a pathway mitigation for diminishing greenhouse gasses and reducing the global warming potential could not be underestimated. 

Biochar derived from non-customized matamba fruit shell as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment

Trends and resource recovery in biological wastewater treatment system

In recent years, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become a group of major pollutants that endanger human health and the ecological environment. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the gas-phase adsorption processes of benzene and toluene, which are important VOCs, on the activated carbon (AC) produced from Elaeagnus angustifolia seeds by physical activation method. In this context, the central composite design (CCD) approach-based response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to examine and optimize the effects of process parameters on the adsorption of benzene and toluene by AC adsorbent. The characterization of the produced AC was performed by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The optimum process parameters were achieved (adsorption time of 74.98 min, initial benzene concentration of 16.68 ppm, and temperature of 26.97 °C, and adsorption time of 73.26 min, initial toluene concentration of 18.46 ppm and temperature of 29.80 °C) for benzene and toluene, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of benzene and toluene on AC were determined to be 437.36 and 512.03 mg/g, respectively, under optimum parameters. The adsorption process kinetics and equilibrium isotherms were also evaluated. Besides, AC reusability studies were performed five times for the gas-phase adsorption and desorption of benzene and toluene. After five cycles, it was observed that the benzene and toluene adsorption capacity of the AC decreased slightly by 8.10% and 7.42%, respectively. The results revealed that the produced AC could be utilized successfully for the removal of benzene and toluene in the gas-phase adsorption systems because of its high surface area, high adsorption capacity, and high reusability performance. Furthermore, the adsorption processes of benzene and toluene were investigated, both sole components and in a binary mixture. It was concluded that the adsorption behaviors of benzene and toluene against AC were quite different when they were in the competition (in a binary mixture) and without competition (sole components).

High-performance gas-phase adsorption of benzene and toluene on activated carbon: response surface optimization, reusability, equilibrium, kinetic, and competitive adsorption studies

The current scenario of increased population and industrial advancement leads to the spoliation of freshwater and tapper of the quality of water. These results decrease in freshwater bodies near all of the areas. Besides, organic and inorganic compounds discharged from different sources into the available natural water bodies are the cause of pollution. The occurrence of heavy metals in water and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air is responsible for a vast range of negative impacts on the atmosphere and human health. Nonetheless, high uses of heavy metals for human purposes may alter the biochemical and geochemical equilibrium. The major air contaminants which are released into the surroundings known as VOCs are produced through different kinds of sources, such as petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. VOCs are known to cause various health hazards. VOCs are a pivotal group of chemicals that evaporate readily at room temperature. To get over this problem, biofiltration technology has been evolved for the treatment of heavy metals using biological entities such as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria. Biofiltration technology is a beneficial and sustainable method for the elimination of toxic pollutants from the aquatic environment. Various types of biological technologies ranging from biotrickling filters to biofilters have been developed and they are cost-effective, simple to fabricate, and easy to perform. A significant advantage of this process is the pollutant that is transformed into biodegradable trashes which can decompose within an average time period, thus yielding no secondary pollutants. The aim of this article is to scrutinize the role of biofiltration in the removal of heavy metals in wastewater and VOCs and also to analyze the recent bioremediation technologies and methods.

Biological-based methods for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals.

This work highlights the potential of corncob biochar (CCBC) and Brevibacillus parabrevis for the decolorization of brilliant green (BG) dye from synthetically prepared contaminated wastewater. The...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21655979.2020.1788353

Reusability of brilliant green dye contaminated wastewater using corncob biochar and Brevibacillus parabrevis: hybrid treatment and kinetic studies.

Performance of a biofilter with compost and activated carbon based packing material for gas-phase toluene removal under extremely high loading rates.

Temperature control of fermentation bioreactor for ethanol production using IMC-PID controller

/pdf/comparison-of-non-linear-linearized-2nd-order-and-reduced-to-1m6i8izjo9.pdf

Comparison of non-linear, linearized 2nd order and reduced to FOPDT models of CSTR using different tuning methods

An IMC-PID controller was proposed for unstable second-order time delay system which shows the characteristics of inverse response (RHP zero). A plot of Ms versus λ was suggested to calculate the suitable tuning parameter λ, which provides a trade-off between performance and robustness. Six different forms of process models were selected from literature to show the applicability of the present method. Performance of controller was calculated by ITAE and total variation TV and compared with recently published tuning rules. Undesirable overshoot was removed by using a set-point weighting parameter. Robustness was tested by introducing a perturbation into the various model parameters and closed-loop results show that the designed controller is robust in the case of model uncertainty. The proposed method shows an overall better closed-loop response as compared to other recently reported methods.

Performance enhancement of IMC-PID controller design for stable and unstable second-order time delay processes

Direct synthesis method based PID controller was proposed for the second order plus dead time stable process having a zero in the numerator. The desired closed loop transfer function was considered as a second order time delay model and the Maclaurin series expansion technique was used to convert the obtained controller into the ideal form of the PID controller. The tuning parameter α was selected in such a way that gives the robustness level i.e. maximum sensitivity Ms value in the range of 1.2-1.8 which was the same as other recent tuning methods. The proposed method was applied to six different first and second order time delay process. The closed-loop performance in term of various performance indices such as settling time (ts), rise time (tr), Overshoot (%OS), and the time integral error indices such as IAE, ISE, and ITAE was compared to other similar design approaches. The comparative results show that the proposed method was superior to other methods.

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Munna Kumar

Papers

Performance of a biofilter with compost and activated carbon based packing material for gas-phase toluene removal under extremely high loading rates.

Temperature control of fermentation bioreactor for ethanol production using IMC-PID controller

Comparison of non-linear, linearized 2nd order and reduced to FOPDT models of CSTR using different tuning methods

Performance enhancement of IMC-PID controller design for stable and unstable second-order time delay processes

PID Controller Design for SOPDT using Direct Synthesis Method