Plasma–liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on non-equilibrium plasmas.

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Plasma-liquid interactions: A review and roadmap

Unattenuated solar photo rate coefficients and excess energies for dissociation, ionization, and dissociative ionization are presented for atomic and molecular species that have been identified or are suspected to exist in the atmospheres of planets, satellites (moons), comets, or as pollutants in the Earth atmosphere. The branching ratios and cross sections with resonances have been tabulated to the greatest detail possible and the rate coefficients and excess energies have been calculated from them on a grid of small wavelength bins for the quiet and the active Sun at 1 AU heliocentric distance.

Solar photo rates for planetary atmospheres and atmospheric pollutants

Five simple microwave cavities for producing discharges in gases were tested in He and H2 at pressures from 1 μ to 1 atm. Three of the cavities are commonly used, and two have been recently designed. One of the newly designed cavities offered a considerable improvement over early models with respect to compactness, ease of attachment to the system, and efficiency.

Microwave Discharge Cavities Operating at 2450 MHz

An electrostatic lens system which compensates for chromatic aberration has been tested in an electron spectrometer. The results indicate that this lens is suitable for comparisons of peak intensities in electron‐impact spectra. Relative intensities in vibrational progressions that belong to a single electronic transition have been studied in N2, CO, and NH3 and found to be nearly independent of the scattering angle. Electron‐impact spectra have been reported for helium, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, ammonia, water vapor, carbon dioxide, ethylene, acetylene, and benzene at electron kinetic energies between 33 and 100 eV. Spectral regions of special interest are encountered in CO2 and C6H6. At excitation energies of 7–10 eV in CO2 a change in intensity distribution, attributed to transition from an electric‐quadrupole to an electric‐dipole spectrum, is observed as the kinetic energy is raised. In the case of C6H6 a change in the spectrum with angle is encountered which strongly sugg...

HIGH-RESOLUTION STUDY OF ELECTRON-IMPACT SPECTRA AT KINETIC ENERGIES BETWEEN 33 AND 100 eV AND SCATTERING ANGLES TO 16--.

A critical assessment of coupled cluster method in quantum chemistry

Absorption coefficients of water vapor in the region 1060–1860A were obtained by a photoelectric method described previously. Pressures (0.08 to 8 mm Hg) of water vapor in the absorption cell were measured with an Alphatron gauge. In the region 1860–1500A, the absorption coefficients were between the values reported by two groups of investigators. Oscillator strengths of two continua, 1150–1430A and 1430–1860A, were found to be 0.05 and 0.041, respectively. At Lyman alpha the absorption coefficient was 387 cm−1. Twelve weak diffuse bands forming a progression in the region 1250–1450 and a number of bands in the region 1060–1250 were observed. The absorption coefficients of the continua and bands were independent of pressure, except for some of the bands in the region 1060–1250A.

Absorption Coefficients of Water Vapor in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Absorption coefficients of ethylene have been measured in the region 1065–2000A. The most intense absorption has been found to occur in the bands near 1700A where the k values are near 1400 cm−1. Two main continua were found having maxima at 1620 and 1250A, with k values of 750 cm−1 and 625 cm−1 at the respective maxima. The oscillator strengths are 0.34 for the 1620A continuum and 0.30 for the 1250A continuum. The ionization region was observed beginning at 1180A. A number of new bands were observed and some of them were classified as members of the first Rydberg system observed by Price and Tutte. A discussion of these results in the light of Mulliken’s theoretical work is presented.

Absorption Coefficients of Ethylene in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Continuous Emission Spectrum of Xenon in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region

Methods for producing and exciting electrodeless discharge lamps of a variety of metallic vapors are discussed. The design of a resonant cavity for use with a 2450 megacycle microtherm unit in exciting the lamps is given. These lamps are long-lived and simple in construction and because of the great intensity of the principal lines, they are adaptable to photochemical uses. Satisfactory lamps were produced of lead indium, gallium, antimony, bismuth, mercury, cadmium, thallium, zinc, calcium, and barium.

Murray Zelikoff

Papers

Absorption Coefficients of Water Vapor in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Absorption Coefficients of Ethylene in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Continuous Emission Spectrum of Xenon in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region

Electrodeless Discharge Lamps Containing Metallic Vapors