How to Do Things With Words

任何一种描写语法都是以某种描写框架为基础的,不管这种框架如何不够完善,但它总是反映了描写的目标和作者的理论倾向.在《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary English,以下简称GCE)中,Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech和Jan Svartvik等四位作者的目标是试图系统地、综合性地描写英语的表层结构,分析结构的语义及其在情境里的用法.通读全书后我们感到,这个目标并不依傍于任何一种语言理论,因为迄今为止每

谈谈A Grammar of Contemporary English对于分句与句子问题的若干处理

Thank you for reading you just don t understand women and men in conversation. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this you just don t understand women and men in conversation, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer.

You Just Don T Understand Women And Men In Conversation

Review(s) of: Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Second Edition, by Michael Swan and Bernard Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems Second Edition [Book Review]

As a teacher of English as a foreign or second language, have you ever wished you knew more about your students' mother-tongues? Learner English is a practical reference book which compares the relevant features of the students' own languages with English, helping teachers to predict and understand the problems their students have. The nineteen chapters, each of which covers one language background, are written by specialists with experience in teaching students from the areas concerned. The chapters describe and explain the most important typical pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and other mistakes of learners who speak Dutch/Flemish, Scandinavian languages (except Finnish), German, French, Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Greek, Russian, Farsi, Arabic, Turkish, Indian languages, West African languages, Swahili, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai. The book is accompanied by a cassette with authentic examples of the various accents described in the book.

http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/downloadpdf.php/buku/learner-english-a-teachers-guide-to-interference-and-other-problems-michael-swan-bernard-smith-35801.pdf

Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems / Michael Swan, Bernard Smith

Abstract The purpose of this study is to see whether gender plays a role in the apology strategies employed by native speakers of Arabic, i.e., how Arab males and females express apologies in different situations. Data necessary for this study were collected via a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) questionnaire, incorporating 10 real-life scenarios in the form of short descriptive statements. In accordance with the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realisation Patterns, participants’ responses(n = 20) were analysed and further classified into five distinct apology strategies: (Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID), Responsibility (RESP), Explanation (EXPL), Repair (REPR), and Forbearance (FORB)). The researcher initially hypothesised that apology strategies employed by participants would exhibit more differences than similarities among native speakers of Arabic. Contrary to previously conducted research on this subject (i.e., attesting more differences), the data analysed (n = 350 apology exchanges) revealed more similarities than differences regardless of gender. In fact, no statistically significant differences were found. In addition to contributing to the current theoretical debate on gender and gender-related topics, the results of this study may entail pedagogical implications for those in direct contact with Arab learners of English as a Second Language or with speakers of Arabic in general terms.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/872167.pdf

On Gender and Apology Strategies: The Case of Arabic

This paper aims to provide a short overview of the English article system along with a detailed account of the sources of difficulty that makes such a complicated system uneasily attainable for ESL learners. According to Hewson (1972), “the definite and the indefinite articles are among the ten most frequent words of English discourse” (p.131). As such, learners of English are likely to be heavily exposed to hundreds of instances that contain a wide range of uses of English articles, which will, presumably, provide non-native speakers with a perceptibly increased level of accuracy. However, the English article system has been reported to be one of the most difficult features of the English language, causing some students enormous difficulties; particularly, of course, those whose native languages do not use articles (Master, 1990; Mizuno, 1999; Park, 2006; inter alia ). In this paper, I will discuss the factors that make the English article system difficult for speakers of other languages to use appropriately. The paper will be divided into three sections: (1) a short overview of the article system, (2) internal factors: those that pertain to the internal structure of English such as lexico-syntactic and discoursal factors, and (3) external factors: those that pertain to other languages such as presence or absence of the article system. Possibly unlike previously published research, this paper combines both factors and further works to the advantage of new instructors as it provides them with the rationale behind ESL learners’ inappropriate usage of the article system.

/pdf/a-closer-look-at-the-english-article-system-internal-and-2osg6p3qj3.pdf

A Closer Look at the English Article System: Internal and External Sources of Difficulty Revisited

Attending to face in faceless computer-mediated communication : (im)politeness in online disagreements among Arabic speakers

Grammatical Encoding of Discourse Structure: A Case Study of Arabic Discourse Particle Tara

The purpose of this paper is to see how two lexical entries (i.e., Biblical soul , and Qur’anic ruħ) are defined in religious discourses, namely, the Holy Book of Quran and the Holy Bible, from which data necessary for this study were collected. Several verses were cited throughout this paper mainly from two corpora: 1) the Qur’anic Arabic Corpus and 2) King James Bible Online. As for machinery, the researcher carried a three-level analysis. In the first level, the detonational and connotational meanings of these lemmas (dictionary entries) in major English and Arabic dictionaries were provided. English dictionaries were Oxford English Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Arabic dictionaries were lisaan al ʕ arab (Lit: the Tongue of The Arabs) and al muћeet (Lit: The Ocean). In the second level of analysis, the meanings of these words were sought in the interpretations of major Muslim and Christian scholars. The final level of analysis was an attempt to provide detailed definitions of the words in study from within the Quran and the Bible through invoking what these words mean. The results of this study indicated that each of the studied words has differently distinctive meanings in terms of scope, dimensions, and implications. Accordingly, the study recommends (1) adopting such meanings when interpreting religious discourses (2) accepting intertextuality as an invaluable approach to understanding the meaning of words in the Holy Book of Quran and the Holy Bible.

/pdf/contrastive-lexical-semantics-of-biblical-soul-and-qur-anic-4a05f60g54.pdf

Mustafa Ali Harb

Papers

On Gender and Apology Strategies: The Case of Arabic

A Closer Look at the English Article System: Internal and External Sources of Difficulty Revisited

Attending to face in faceless computer-mediated communication : (im)politeness in online disagreements among Arabic speakers

Grammatical Encoding of Discourse Structure: A Case Study of Arabic Discourse Particle Tara

Contrastive Lexical Semantics of Biblical Soul and Qur’anic Ruħ: An Application of Intertextuality