Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks. Chapter 2. Commercial and Scientific Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks. Chapter 3. Basic Wireless Sensor Technology. Chapter 4. Wireless Sensors Networks Protocols: Physical Layer. Chapter 5. Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Chapter 6. Sensors Network Protocols: Routing Protocols. Chapter 7. Transport Control Protocols for Wireless Sensors Networks. Chapter 8. Middleware for Sensor Networks. Chapter 9. Network Management for Wireless Sensor Networks. Chapter 10. Operating Systems for Sensor Networks. Chapter 11. Performance and Traffic Management Issues. Appendix A: Analysis. Appendix B: Discussions. Index.

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Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Protocols, and Applications

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) effectively mitigates intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the delay spread of wireless channels. Therefore, it has been used in many wireless systems and adopted by various standards. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on OFDM for wireless communications. We address basic OFDM and related modulations, as well as techniques to improve the performance of OFDM for wireless communications, including channel estimation and signal detection, time- and frequency-offset estimation and correction, peak-to-average power ratio reduction, and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. We also describe the applications of OFDM in current systems and standards.

OFDM and Its Wireless Applications: A Survey

A multiple-access MIMO WLAN system that employs MIMO, OFDM, and TDD. The system (1) uses a channel structure with a number of configurable transport channels, (2) supports multiple rates and transmission modes, which are configurable based on channel conditions and user terminal capabilities, (3) employs a pilot structure with several types of pilot (e.g., beacon, MIMO, steered reference, and carrier pilots) for different functions, (4) implements rate, timing, and power control loops for proper system operation, and (5) employs random access for system access by the user terminals, fast acknowledgment, and quick resource assignments. Calibration may be performed to account for differences in the frequency responses of transmit/receive chains at the access point and user terminals. The spatial processing may then be simplified by taking advantage of the reciprocal nature of the downlink and uplink and the calibration.

MIMO WLAN system

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is an emerging field in Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) which utilizes the superior modulation bandwidth of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to transmit data. In modern day communication systems, the most popular frequency band is Radio Frequency (RF) mainly due to little interference and good coverage. However, the rapidly dwindling RF spectrum along with increasing wireless network traffic has substantiated the need for greater bandwidth and spectral relief. By combining illumination and communication, VLC provides ubiquitous communication while addressing the shortfalls and limitations of RF communication. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on VLC with an emphasis on challenges faced in indoor applications over the period 1979–2014. VLC is compared with infrared (IR) and RF systems and the necessity for using this beneficial technology in communication systems is justified. The advantages of LEDs compared to traditional lighting technologies are discussed and comparison is done between different types of LEDs currently available. Modulation schemes and dimming techniques for indoor VLC are discussed in detail. Methods needed to improve VLC system performance such as filtering, equalization, compensation, and beamforming are also presented. The recent progress made by various research groups in this field is discussed along with the possible applications of this technology. Finally, the limitations of VLC as well as the probable future directions are presented.

LED Based Indoor Visible Light Communications: State of the Art

Analysis of the 802.11 CSMA/CA mechanism has received considerable attention recently. Bianchi presented an analytic model under a saturated traffic assumption. Bianchi's model is accurate, but typical network conditions are nonsaturated and heterogeneous. We present an extension of his model to a nonsaturated environment. The model's predictions, validated against simulation, accurately capture many interesting features of nonsaturated operation. For example, the model predicts that peak throughput occurs prior to saturation. Our model allows stations to have different traffic arrival rates, enabling us to address the question of fairness between competing flows. Although we use a specific arrival process, it encompasses a wide range of interesting traffic types including, in particular, VoIP.

/pdf/modeling-the-802-11-distributed-coordination-function-in-5db306jcri.pdf

Modeling the 802.11 distributed coordination function in nonsaturated heterogeneous conditions

Channel estimation techniques for OFDM systems based on a pilot arrangement are investigated. Channel estimation based on a comb type pilot arrangement is studied through different algorithms for both estimating the channel at pilot frequencies and interpolating the channel. Channel estimation at pilot frequencies is based on LS and LMS methods while channel interpolation is done using linear interpolation, second order interpolation, low-pass interpolation, spline cubic interpolation, and time domain interpolation. Time-domain interpolation is obtained by passing to the time domain by means of IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform), zero padding and going back to the frequency domain by DFT (discrete Fourier transform). In addition, channel estimation based on a block type pilot arrangement is performed by sending pilots in every sub-channel and using this estimation for a specific number of following symbols. We have also implemented a decision feedback equalizer for all sub-channels followed by periodic block-type pilots. We have compared the performances of all schemes by measuring bit error rates with 16QAM, QPSK, DQPSK and BPSK as modulation schemes, and multipath Rayleigh fading and AR based fading channels as channel models.

/pdf/channel-estimation-techniques-based-on-pilot-arrangement-in-usn3udu2w0.pdf

Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems

Advances in low-power and low-cost sensor networks have led to solutions mature enough for use in a broad range of applications varying from health monitoring to building surveillance. The development of those applications has been stimulated by the finalization of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which defines the medium access control (MAC) and physical layer for sensor networks. One of the MAC schemes proposed is slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), and this paper analyzes whether this scheme meets the design constraints of those low-power and low-cost sensor networks. The paper provides a detailed analytical evaluation of its performance in a star topology network, for uplink and acknowledged uplink traffic. Both saturated and unsaturated periodic traffic scenarios are considered. The form of the analysis is similar to that of Bianchi for IEEE 802.11 DCF only in the use of a per user Markov model to capture the state of each user at each moment in time. The key assumptions to enable this important simplification and the coupling of the per user Markov models are however different, as a result of the very different designs of the 802.15.4 and 802.11 carrier sensing mechanisms. The performance predicted by the analytical model is very close to that obtained by simulation. Throughput and energy consumption analysis is then performed by using the model for a range of scenarios. Some design guidelines are derived to set the 802.15.4 parameters as function of the network requirements.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/437281/file/794715.PDF

Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer

A system based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) has been developed to deliver mobile broadband data service at data rates comparable to those of wired services, such as DSL and cable modems. We consider the resource allocation problem of assigning a set of subcarriers and determining the number of bits to be transmitted for each subcarrier in OFDMA systems. We compare simplicity, fairness and efficiency of our algorithm with the optimal and proposed suboptimal algorithms for varying values of delay spread, number of users and total power constraint. The results show that the performance of our approach is appealing and can be close to optimal. We also consider another resource allocation scheme in which there is no fixed QoS requirements per symbol but capacity is maximized.

/pdf/qos-aware-adaptive-resource-allocation-techniques-for-fair-4pul09hlcs.pdf

QoS aware adaptive resource allocation techniques for fair scheduling in OFDMA based broadband wireless access systems

Mobile Broadband: Including WiMAX and LTE provides an overview of IP-OFDMA technology, commencing with cellular and IP technology for the uninitiated while providing a foundation for OFDMA theory and emerging technologies, such as WiMAX, LTE, and beyond. Features include: A coherent and systematic discussion of all aspects of Mobile Broadband Wireless, Thorough information on OFDMA and All-IP Networking with its present technology in 4G, Information to assist industry professionals in understanding the convergence of core access networks, device convergence and service convergence. Throughout the book the author also discusses several wireless standards based on OFDMA such as UMB, IEEE 802.16j (Mobile Multihop Relay) and 802.16m (Gigabit WiMAX), IEEE 802.20 (MBWA), and IEEE 802.22 (Cognitive Radio). The book brings a good balance of theory, technology and practice of mobile broadband.

Mobile Broadband: Including WiMAX and LTE

The channel estimation techniques for OFDM systems based on pilot arrangement are investigated. The channel estimation based on comb type pilot arrangement is studied through different algorithms for both estimating channel at pilot frequencies and interpolating the channel. The estimation of channel at pilot frequencies is based on LS and LMS while the channel interpolation is done using linear interpolation, second order interpolation, low-pass interpolation, spline cubic interpolation, and time domain interpolation. Furthermore, the channel estimation based on block type pilot arrangement is performed by sending pilots at every sub-channel and using this estimation for a specific number of following symbols. We have also implemented a decision feedback equalizer for all sub-channels followed by periodic block-type pilots. We have compared the performances of all schemes by measuring bit error rate with 16QAM, QPSK and DQPSK as modulation schemes, and multipath Rayleigh fading and AR based fading channels as channel models.

Mustafa Ergen

Papers

Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems

Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer

QoS aware adaptive resource allocation techniques for fair scheduling in OFDMA based broadband wireless access systems

Mobile Broadband: Including WiMAX and LTE

A study of channel estimation in OFDM systems