This manual is intended to give direction, relevant information, and design details related to water treatment plants. Topics include objectives of water treatment, general design considerations, types of plants, aeration, rapid mixing and flocculation, sedimentation, solids content process, filtration, chlorination and disinfection, taste and odor control, lime-soda ash softening, ion exchange, iron and manganese removal, chemicals and chemical handling, instrumentation and control, and miscellaneous design details. This manual will be of interest to both practitioners and researchers designing water treatment plants.

Water Treatment Plant Design

Metal mesh-based special wettability materials for oil-water separation: A review of the recent development

An activated carbon (PCAC) with good adsorption potential for organic pollutants including nitrophenols, chlorophenol, bisphenol and monocrotophos was obtained from palm shell using a combination of chemical (Sulphuric acid, persulfate mixture) and thermal (900 °C) activation techniques. The prepared PCAC was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Zeta potential and Boehm titration measurements in terms of structural and surface characteristics. PCAC was observed to be endowed with a micro/mesoporous structure and was amorphous with a surface area of 770 m2g−1. Batch adsorption tests indicated that the PCAC exhibited a high adsorption capacity for all the adsorbates under study. The adsorption data fitted very well with Langmuir isotherm model and with pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the uptake was spontaneous. The adsorption was unaffected by increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous solution and could be efficiently performed at 0.5 N NaCl medium. Additionally, PCAC was easily regenerated with methanol and could be reused at least three times. The adsorption could be the result of several interactions including van der waals forces, electrostatic interaction, H bonding and π-π interactions. Thus, PCAC endowed with micro/mesoporous structure could function as an efficient adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of organic pollutants from aqueous samples.

Efficient removal of organic pollutants with activated carbon derived from palm shell: Spectroscopic characterisation and experimental optimisation

With the enhancement of public awareness of environmental protection, the harm of oily sludge has gradually been paid attention to. As a kind of dangerous solid waste, the arbitrary disposal of oily sludge will cause quite serious harm to both the environment and human beings. Research on the treatment methods of oily sludge has become a hot spot recently. At present, treatment methods of oily sludge are various, mainly including pyrolysis, direct combustion, freeze-thaw treatment, biological treatment, solvent extraction, thermochemical cleaning, ultrasound-assisted treatment or joint technology, etc. Based on the consideration of economic benefits, social benefits and treatment difficulties, pyrolysis has been considered to be the most appropriate method for oily sludge treatment. Syngas, liquid oil and char can be obtained from pyrolysis of oily sludge, which can meet different needs. In this paper, the pyrolysis technology of oily sludge is reported in detail, including pyrolysis methods, operational parameters and pyrolysis products of oily sludge. On the basis, the advantages and limitations of oily sludge pyrolysis technology are discussed, together with the report of feasibility of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge. Moreover, the development trend of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge is prospected for the future work.

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Application and development of pyrolysis technology in petroleum oily sludge treatment

Oily sludge contains high concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals, which seriously impact the environment and human health. How to dispose of and use the oily sludge has attracted an increasing amount of attention. This study introduces harmless and resource-based oily sludge treatment technologies. It summarizes the technologies from various aspects, such as the process principle, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages, and analyzes and summarizes the status quo of the development of the technologies. In comparison, the direction of processing technology development is discussed to provide reference for processing technology improvements, optimization, and efficiency improvements.

A review of the application of different treatment processes for oily sludge.

Phenol is one of the most dangerous pollutant of petroleum industry. Thus its removal is very essential. One of the most popular method used to remove phenol is through adsorption by activated carbon. In the present work, batch adsorption experiments are carried out under various operating parameters: pollutant concentration (CO) (10, 30, and 50mg/L), and activated carbon dose (CD) (250-1500mg/1.25L with an increment of 250). All experiments are performed at laboratory temperature (19ºC) and pH of 7 ± 0.1 while a full factorial mode is applied. Many adsorption models are used to fit experimental data and find out adsorption capacity (ADC) which is a widely used term.The results show that phenol can be completely removed and the adsorption capacity depends on the pollutant concentration (CO) and adsorbent dose (CD). The actual adsorption capacity (AADC) is calculated and found to be highly different from adsorption capacity.

Phenol removal from synthetic wastewater using batch adsorption scheme

The main goal of the present work is to remove phenol and parachlorophenol from synthetic solution using granular activated carbon (GAC). Two carbon types are used, the first is commercial supplied to Iraqi market by Spanish company (referred to as CGAC) and the second is manufactured using Iraqi waste material, referred to as MGAC. The experiments are performed according to batch and continuous mode (granular activated carbon adsorption column). The results show that both pollutants can be removed and the breakthrough and exhaustion times are proportional with the thickness of GAC and inversely proportional with the inlet pollutants concentration and surface over flow rate (SOR). The results also indicated that adsorption capacity is inversely proportional with SOR and it is directly proportional with the thickness of GAC column and pollutants concentration. MGAC gives better performance as compared with CGAC. In the present work, it is proved that adsorption capacity is a function of the operating conditions, carbon and adsorbent type and it is not pure carbon property. The results indicated also that Langmuir model fit the experimental data fairly.

Phenol and Parachlorophenol Removal Using Granular Activated Carbon

The desalting and dehydration system in Baiji oil refinery uses a combination of methods including electrical, thermal, chemical, and physical methods. The salt content is within the range of 14–20 mg/L. The desalting efficiency rarely exceeds 75%, thus salt and water content exceed the Iraqi permissible limit. The purpose of the present work is to improve the performance of the Baiji oil refinery desalting unit without any major alteration of the field unit configuration. A laboratory scale unit is designed and constructed to investigate the desalting unit performance under various operating conditions. The results showed that under optimum operating parameters, the obtained desalting and dehydration efficiencies are 98.1% and 97.6%, respectively. The corresponding salt concentration and water content are 0.268 mg/L and 0.1 vol.%, respectively, which were within the acceptable Iraqi levels. 

Muzher Mahdi Ibrahem AL-Doury

Papers

Phenol removal from synthetic wastewater using batch adsorption scheme

Phenol and Parachlorophenol Removal Using Granular Activated Carbon

Upgrading of crude oil desalting unit of Baiji oil refinery