As new fabrication and integration technologies reduce the cost and size of micro-sensors and wireless interfaces, it becomes feasible to deploy densely distributed wireless networks of sensors and actuators. These systems promise to revolutionize biological, earth, and environmental monitoring applications, providing data at granularities unrealizable by other means. In addition to the challenges of miniaturization, new system architectures and new network algorithms must be developed to transform the vast quantity of raw sensor data into a manageable stream of high-level data. To address this, we propose a tiered system architecture in which data collected at numerous, inexpensive sensor nodes is filtered by local processing on its way through to larger, more capable and more expensive nodes.We briefly describe Habitat monitoring as our motivating application and introduce initial system building blocks designed to support this application. The remainder of the paper presents details of our experimental platform.

Habitat monitoring: Application driver for wireless communications technology

Before the emergence of ultra-wideband (UWB) radios, widely used wireless communications were based on sinusoidal carriers, and impulse technologies were employed only in specific applications (e.g. radar). In 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allowed unlicensed operation between 3.1–10.6 GHz for UWB communication, using a wideband signal format with a low EIRP level (−41.3dBm/MHz). UWB communication systems then emerged as an alternative to narrowband systems and significant effort in this area has been invested at the regulatory, commercial, and research levels.

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques and Antennas and Propagation Announce a Joint Special Issue on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology

We apply a model checker to the problem of test generation using a new application of mutation analysis. We define syntactic operators, each of which produces a slight variation on a given model. The operators define a form of mutation analysis at the level of the model checker specification. A model checker generates countersamples which distinguish the variations from the original specification. The countersamples can easily be turned into complete test cases, that is, with inputs and expected results. We define two classes of operators: those that produce test cases from which a correct implementation must differ, and those that produce test cases with which it must agree. There are substantial advantages to combining a model checker with mutation analysis. First, test case generation is automatic; each countersample is a complete test case. Second, in sharp contrast to program-based mutation analysis, equivalent mutant identification is also automatic. We apply our method to an example specification and evaluate the resulting test sets with coverage metrics on a Java implementation.

Using Model Checking to Generate Tests from Specifications | NIST

Smart cities contain intelligent things which can intelligently automatically and collaboratively enhance life quality, save people's lives, and act a sustainable resource ecosystem. To achieve these advanced collaborative technologies such as drones, robotics, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things (IoT) are required to increase the smartness of smart cities by improving the connectivity, energy efficiency, and quality of services (QoS). Therefore, collaborative drones and IoT play a vital role in supporting a lot of smart-city applications such as those involved in communication, transportation, agriculture,safety and security, disaster mitigation, environmental protection, service delivery, energy saving, e-waste reduction, weather monitoring, healthcare, etc. This paper presents a survey of the potential techniques and applications of collaborative drones and IoT which have recently been proposed in order to increase the smartness of smart cities. It provides a comprehensive overview highlighting the recent and ongoing research on collaborative drone and IoT in improving the real-time application of smart cities. This survey is different from previous ones in term of breadth, scope, and focus. In particular, we focus on the new concept of collaborative drones and IoT for improving smart-city applications. This survey attempts to show how collaborative drones and IoT improve the smartness of smart cities based on data collection, privacy and security, public safety, disaster management, energy consumption and quality of life in smart cities. It mainly focuses on the measurement of the smartness of smart cities, i.e., environmental aspects, life quality, public safety, and disaster management.

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Survey on Collaborative Smart Drones and Internet of Things for Improving Smartness of Smart Cities

Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present a promising advanced technology that can enhance people life quality and smartness of cities dramatically and increase overall economic efficiency UAVs have attained a significant interest in supporting many applications such as surveillance, agriculture, communication, transportation, pollution monitoring, disaster management, public safety, healthcare, and environmental preservation Industry 40 applications are conceived of intelligent things that can automatically and collaboratively improve beyond 5G (B5G) Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) is required to ensure collaboration between the vast multitude of things efficiently anywhere in real-world applications that are monitored in real-time However, many IoT devices consume a significant amount of energy when transmitting the collected data from surrounding environments Due to a drone's capability to fly closer to IoT, UAV technology plays a vital role in greening IoT by transmitting collected data to achieve a sustainable, reliable, eco-friendly Industry 40 This survey presents an overview of the techniques and strategies proposed recently to achieve green IoT using UAVs infrastructure for a reliable and sustainable smart world This survey is different from other attempts in terms of concept, focus, and discussion Finally, various use cases, challenges, and opportunities regarding green IoT using UAVs are presented

Green internet of things using UAVs in B5G networks: A review of applications and strategies

Engineers have created WSN applications for areas including health care, utilities, and remote monitoring. In health care, wireless devices make less invasive patient monitoring and health care possible. For utilities such as the electricity grid, streetlights, and water municipals, wireless sensors offer a lower-cost method for collecting system health data to reduce energy usage and better manage resources. Remote monitoring covers a wide range of applications where wireless systems can complement wired systems by reducing wiring costs and allowing new types of measurement applications. The most well-liked principle for distributed clustering methodology is to choose cluster heads with more residual energy and to rotate them occasionally. Sensors at very heavy traffic locations rapidly deplete their energy resources and die in advance, before the network to collapse. The use of these sensors and the probability of organizing them into networks have discovered many research issues and have highlighted innovative ways to cope with certain problems. Here, the view of distributed clustering mechanism has been elaborated elegantly and different areas where such distributed clustering methodology could be put to use in emerging real world wireless sensor network applications have been compiled and discussed.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2909105_code2622729.pdf?abstractid=2909105&mirid=1&type=2

Wireless Sensor Network Based Smart Environment Applications

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are advanced applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks. Highway travel is the lifeblood of modern industrial nations. The larger roads are sorely over burdened: around the major cities, heavy usage slows most peak-hour travel on freeways to less than 60 kilometers per hour. In all excessive traffic causes more than five billion hours delay every year; it wastes countless gallons of fuel and needless multiplies exhaust emission. The main goal of this paper is to make the experience of driving less burdensome and accident less, especially on long trips. This can be achieved by making the highway itself part of the driving experience and integrating roadside technologies that would allow the overburdened highway system to be used more efficiently. The automobile will have automatic throttle, braking and steering control.

A Research on Smart Transportation Using Sensors and Embedded Systems

Now a days wireless communication is important role in future world. This technology yields better communication in case of its speed and their performance. The chief objective of the paper is to compare the different technologies with VLC in terms of cost factor, bandwidth and performance factor. Today everyone (Business,institutions,organizations ,entrepreneurs is thrust for getting right information at the right time and right place .Which requires fast internet connectivity, Technology and large range of channels. Present paper reflects the Future of Communication (LI-FI) which may affect all lives. It a technology that may be as fast as 500MBPS (30GBPS per minute) an substitute, cost effective and more robust and useful than Wi-Fi. The Visible light communication which may be the future of Internet.

An Investigation on Future Wireless Communication Technologies and Applications

A wireless sensor is a miniature component which measure physical parameters from the environment and transmit them to the monitoring station by wireless medium In wireless medium, the sensor and its associated components are called as node A node is self-possessed by a sensor, processor, local memory, transceiver and a low-powered battery To diminish the data transmission time and energy consumption, the sensor nodes are assembled into a number of little groups referred as clusters and the phenomenon is referred as clustering Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms A detailed research is made on optimized cluster initialization based on jumping ant approach in order to avoid random cluster initialization Also this mechanism shows directions on how to rotate the cluster head periodically and energy efficiently The algorithm consists of three stages In the first stage, the ants move towards the available food In the second stage, the ants that gets sufficient food stays in that cluster In the third stage, the foodless ants jumps and form another cluster This mechanism clearly shows an excellent improvement over those with random initializations

Highly Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Methodology for Sensor Networks

WSNs consist of a large number of small sensor nodes. These nodes are very cheap in terms of cost. In military operations, there is always a threat of being attacked by enemies. So, the use of these cheap sensor nodes will help to reduce the loss. In this paper, we analyze the existing literature of using WSNs for military applications. We will discuss the available scenarios of using sensor nodes in the military uses. Provided suitable sensors the system can detect identify and classify threads based on the count, number, type weather it is armored vehicles or men in foot, type and amount of weapons they carry, etc., can be detected in advance. This system provides reliable real time war picture and better situational awareness. This will further help to improve the troop readiness and decrease the reaction time. Added using the data collected tactical planning for deploying troops effectively can be done. In case of civil applications economic zones like oil fields, gold mines, can be protected from intruders and attackers. Industrial complex and production facility can be protected with minimized man power and improved efficiency. Basic criteria are which had to be taken into account while deploying wireless sensors for such applications has been discussed. Particularly locating the intruder with respect to the distance from the sensor node to the target in terms of latitude and longitudinal coordinates are discussed here.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2908031_code2622729.pdf?abstractid=2908031

N. Balakumar

Papers

Wireless Sensor Network Based Smart Environment Applications

A Research on Smart Transportation Using Sensors and Embedded Systems

An Investigation on Future Wireless Communication Technologies and Applications

Highly Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Methodology for Sensor Networks

Evolving Constraints in Military Applications Using Wireless Sensor Networks