Polymer matrix wave-transparent composites: A review

Wastes from industrial processes and energy generation facilities pose environmental and health issues. Diversion of waste from landfill to favour reuse or recycling options and towards the fabrication of marketable products is of high economic and ecologic interest. Moreover safe recycling of industrial wastes is necessary and even vital to our society because of the increasing volume being generated. Glasses and glass–ceramics attract particular interest in waste recycling concepts. Novel and/or improved glass-based products from wastes should meet a variety of demands, among which the functional requirements are paramount. The investigations reviewed in this paper focusing on iron rich waste materials demonstrate the potential of turning these silicate based wastes into functional glass-based products. By properly selecting iron oxide containing residues and processing parameters, functional glass-based products with suitable catalytic activity, magnetic, optical and electrical properties can be obtained. The possibility of fabricating highly porous materials using different types of wastes for sound and thermal insulating as well as catalytic support applications is also discussed based on literature results. Thus, porosity can be considered to achieve particular properties in waste derived products.

Review. Functional glasses and glass-ceramics derived from iron rich waste and combination of industrial residues

Raman spectroscopy has been used to identify iron-containing glasses. This nondestructive technique offers a fast method to obtain qualitative information about the presence of iron oxides in glass. The effect of the iron content in glass samples is reflected on the topology of the Raman spectra: A strong link between the ratio of the Q2/Q3 vibration units of the silica tetrahedral structure is seen. If matrix effects are taken into account, also (semi)quantitative results can be obtained from the calibration lines. The linear calibration is based on the normalized band intensity at 980 cm −1 (I980/I1090 )a nd the iron oxide concentration for similar glasses. In amber and dark colored glasses, an extra peak in the spectrum indicates the presence of a FeS chromophore. Different series of glasses of various origins (ancient and modern/industrial glass) have been considered. Copyright c � 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Using Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of iron in glass

The stabilization of inorganic waste of various nature and origin, in glasses, has been a key strategy for environmental protection for the last decades. When properly formulated, glasses may retain many inorganic contaminants permanently, but it must be acknowledged that some criticism remains, mainly concerning costs and energy use. As a consequence, the sustainability of vitrification largely relies on the conversion of waste glasses into new, usable and marketable glass-based materials, in the form of monolithic and cellular glass-ceramics. The effective conversion in turn depends on the simultaneous control of both starting materials and manufacturing processes. While silica-rich waste favours the obtainment of glass, iron-rich wastes affect the functionalities, influencing the porosity in cellular glass-based materials as well as catalytic, magnetic, optical and electrical properties. Engineered formulations may lead to important reductions of processing times and temperatures, in the transformation of waste-derived glasses into glass-ceramics, or even bring interesting shortcuts. Direct sintering of wastes, combined with recycled glasses, as an example, has been proven as a valid low-cost alternative for glass-ceramic manufacturing, for wastes with limited hazardousness. The present paper is aimed at providing an up-to-date overview of the correlation between formulations, manufacturing technologies and properties of most recent waste-derived, glass-based materials. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jctb.4982

Recycling of inorganic waste in monolithic and cellular glass-based materials for structural and functional applications.

Several spinel compositions, i.e. Mn1+xCr2−xO4 (x = 0.7, 0.5, 0), MnFexCr2−xO4 (x = 0.1, 1), MgMnCrO4 and Mg1+xCr2−xO4 (x = 0, 0.1) were synthesised and studied in terms of phase analysis, density, stability in reducing atmosphere, electrical conductivity and thermal expansion behaviour. The spinel samples were single phase, with cell parameter values in a good correlation with cation sizes. Most of the studied spinels were found to be unstable under reducing conditions of thermal treatment, except MnCr2O4, MgCr2O4 and Mg1.1Cr1.9O4. Electrical properties have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy and DC conductivity measurements at temperatures between 200 and 900 °C.

Synthesis and characterization of chromium spinels as potential electrode support materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

The effect of the redox potential of the glass batch and cullet on the tint of industrially produced glasses containing up to 0.5% iron oxides is studied. The batch redox boundaries making it possible to obtain glass of green, bluish-green, yellow-green, and brown tints are delineated. The obtained results make it possible to predict the tint and tint shade of glass at the stage of batch preparation.

Effect of the redox potential of the glass batch and cullet on the tinting of industrially produced glass containing iron oxides

Clarification of type E alkali-free glass (production of glass beads and continuous glass fiber) with sodium sulfate was investigated in comparison to antimonous anhydride and cerium dioxide. The high effectiveness of sulfate clarification was demonstrated and the process parameters for using it were determined.

Effectiveness of sulfate clarification of type E alkali-free glass

The paper sums up a study into the electrical conductivity of glasses and glass ceramics fabricated from nonscarce raw materials, mining and ore-dressing wastes available in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) region. Consideration is given to SiO2−Al2O3−Fe
 x
 O
 y
 −(Ca,Mg)O−(Na,K)2O glasses which are close to high-alkali glasses in melting and pouring characteristics and to alkali-free glasses in resistivity.

Raw materials from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly region : The basis of glass materials for electrical engineering

It is shown that locally occurring raw materials and the by-products available in the Chernozemye region are suitable for use in glass manufacture.

N. F. Zhernovaya

Papers

Effect of the redox potential of the glass batch and cullet on the tinting of industrially produced glass containing iron oxides

Effectiveness of sulfate clarification of type E alkali-free glass

Raw materials from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly region : The basis of glass materials for electrical engineering

Use of raw materials from the Chernozemye region in the glass industry of Russia