Flavonoids and their glycosides, including anthocyanins

Seven flavonoids have been isolated from the aerial parts of Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey. (Chenopodiaceae) for the first time. By means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis, they were identified as luteolin (1), chrysin (2), chrysin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin (4), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), isorhamentin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and isorhamentin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside (7). All flavonoids were evaluated to show a broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity on microorganisms including seven bacterial and one fungal species as well as pronounced antioxidant activity. Among them, the aglycones with relatively low polarity had stronger bioactivity than their glycosides. The results suggested that the isolated flavonoids could be used for future development of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, and also provided additional data for supporting the use of H. caspica as forage.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/15/11/7933/pdf

Flavonoids from Halostachys caspica and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

The review includes 154 references on the genus Chenopodium covered up to December 2008 and has been compiled using references mainly from Chemical Abstracts and Pubmed. This article briefly reviews the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology of Chenopodium genus. Three hundred seventy nine compounds isolated from different species are reported. Fenolics, flavonoids, saponins, ecdysteroids and triterpenoids were the major classes of phytoconstituents of this genus. The detailed distribution of these compounds among the different Chenopodium species with the related references is given in tables. In addition, this review discusses the traditional medicinal uses of different Chenopodium species as well as recent developments done in this aspect.

The genus chenopodium: Phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology

Review on some antioxidant plants growing in Arab world

Identification of phenolic antioxidants from Sword Brake fern (Pteris ensiformis Burm.)

A flavonol triglycoside from Chenopodium murale

In the present current, quercetin and its 3-O.-rutinoside, the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, and two new flavones from Casimiroa edulis. Llave et Lex (Rotaceae) were tested for their antioxidant activity via scavenging by the ABTS˙+ [2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid)]free radical. Among all the tested fractions and compounds, the ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity followed by EtOAc extract, giving 842 and 712 µM Trolox equivalents/g dry weight, respectively. Moderate activities were detected for the other tested materials. The two new flavones were identified as 5-methoxy-6-hydroxyflavone and its 6-O.-β.-D-glucoside. The structure elucidation was based on UV, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS), 1H and 13C NMR, proton-proton correlation spectroscopy (1H-1H COSY), distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlations spectrum (HMBC).

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13880200600713899

Phenolic Antioxidants from Casimiroa edulis. Leaves

Two new flavonoids, takakin 7-O-glucoside (1) and bucegin 7-O-glucoside (2), and six other known compounds (3-8), takakin, isosctullarien, its 7-O-glucoside, takakin 8-O-glucoside, xanthotoxin and esculetin, were separated and identified from Glossostemon bruguieri. The new compounds were characterized using modern spectroscopic techniques, including UV spectroscopy, proton nuclear resonance ( 1 HNMR), carbon thirteen nuclear resonance ( 13 CNMR), homomolecular quantum coherance (HMQC), heteromolecular bonding connectivity (HMBC) and chemical ionization mass spectra (CI). The effect on rats urine volume of the plant powder, its ethanolic extract, (500 mg kg -1 ) along with four of the purified compounds (1,4-6), (100 mg kg -1 ) are described. Eight groups of albino rats (200-300 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were used in the tests for a one-time treatment, and other seven groups (150-180 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were tested using the same dose with repeated administration for 15 days. The rat sera were collected and used to determine liver and kidney functions based on alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) for both single and repeated administration. Levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid were determined for both sets of experiments. The toxic effects of both the powder and its alcoholic extract were also studied on mice to determine their LD50, both materials proved to be nontoxic up to 2500 mg kg -1 body weight.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/23356/1/IJEB%2042%282%29%20186-189.pdf

Phytochemical studies and effect on urine volume of Glossostemon bruguieri Desf. constituents.

Oral administration of the total alcohol extract of Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr. (250 and 500 md/kg) showed potent anti-ulcerogenic activity in absolute ethanol-induced ulcer model in rats; it showed percent protection of control ulcer by 69.2 and 84.6%, respectively, while standard ranitidine (100 mg/kg) exhibited 46.2%. Bio-guided work leads to isolation of two novel compounds (1 and 2), which were identified through 1H, 13C NMR, HMPC, HMQC and DEPT as: methyl 2-(hydroxymethyl) octanoate, named as amanitate, and 16-amino-9,13-dimethyl-17-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a] phenanthren-3-ol, named as asmatol. Both compounds (50 mg/kg) possessed anti-ulcerogenic activity with 95.4% and 55.84% protection, respectively. Two known compounds (3 and 4) were also isolated and identified through comparison with authentic samples and confirmed through different NMR techniques as kampeferol and quercetin. These compounds also showed anti-ulcerogenic activity with 78.38% and 5.38% protection, respectively. The cytoprotective mechanism explains the potent anti-ulcerogenic activity of the total alcohol extract and the isolated compounds. The extract was highly safe as the LD50 was more than 5000 mg/kg. These results were well supported by the sub-chronic toxicity study, as the extract (500 mg/kg) administrated orally to rats for 35 consecutive days showed no alteration in the liver and kidney functions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Novel Compounds with new Anti-Ulcergenic Activity from Convolvulus pilosellifolius Using Bio-Guided Fractionation.

A novel triterpenoidal compound named ‘amnomopin’ (3β-diglucoside-5,12-28-oic acid), which is named IUPAC as 3-O-(2′ ➔ 1″diglucoside)1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-octadecahydro-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethylpicene-4a-carboxylic acid, was isolated from the extract Petriella setifera. The total alcoholic extract of P. setifera showed a great activity against clinically isolated Candida species, including Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida famata, Candida glabrata, Candida inconspicua, Candida kefyr, Candida krusei, Candida norvegensis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Also, the new compound amnomopin was active against all the investigated Candida species. The highest anticandidal activity of P. setifera extract was obtained against C. kefyr (22.6 ± 1.5 mm), C. albicans and C. norvegensis (21.3 ± 0.63 mm) and C. krusei (20.6 ± 1.5 mm). Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both the total extract and the isolated compound were low. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the compound isolated from P. setifera was 0.49 μg/mL against C. kefyr, 0.98 μg/mL against C. albicans and C. norvegensis and 1.95 μg/mL against C. krusei. The oral dosing of the extract and the isolated compound did not show any significant effect on the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspirate aminotransferase and the levels of blood urea and serum creatinine. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

N.H. El-Sayed

Papers

A flavonol triglycoside from Chenopodium murale

Phenolic Antioxidants from Casimiroa edulis. Leaves

Phytochemical studies and effect on urine volume of Glossostemon bruguieri Desf. constituents.

Novel Compounds with new Anti-Ulcergenic Activity from Convolvulus pilosellifolius Using Bio-Guided Fractionation.

Anticandidal Activity of Extracts and a Novel Compound, Amnomopin, Isolated From Petriella setifera.