Environmental pollution and health hazards from distillery wastewater and treatment approaches to combat the environmental threats: A review.

In order to encourage industrial growth based on sustainability, the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources has gained global importance. Anaerobic digestion (AD) fulfils the requirements for a sustainable alternative fuel, and is also an environmentally friendly waste treatment method. It requires less energy than other methods such as gasification or pyrolysis due to its low operating temperature. Whiskey distillery and brewery waste streams are classed as high strength organic wastes due to their high BOD/COD content, thus rendering them a suitable feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Due to large global alcohol production, millions of tonnes of solid and liquid waste is discharged annually, so the potential for waste-to-energy conversion can make anaerobic digestion an attractive treatment option for the waste streams of distilleries and breweries rather than diversion to landfill or incineration. However, these waste streams are lignocellulosic, containing high fractions of lignin and crystalline cellulose, meaning pre-treatments prior to anaerobic digestion can significantly enhance the biogas yield and organic matter degradation. Acid pre-treatment and enzymatic pre-treatment are particularly promising, with improvement in quality up to 74% CH4 for AD of spent grain, with 16% increase in biogas yield, and up to 87% reduction in COD. However, industrial application of pre-treatments prior to anaerobic digestion remains limited. This review collates the literature to date on pre-treatments applied prior to anaerobic digestion of whiskey distillery/brewery wastes as well as current industrial practices and different reactor configurations. A particular focus is placed on the impact of pre-treatments on biogas yield in order to highlight potential enhancements in biogas yields for industrial implications.

/pdf/pre-treatments-to-enhance-biogas-yield-and-quality-from-3dlz9ixenv.pdf

Pre-treatments to enhance biogas yield and quality from anaerobic digestion of whiskey distillery and brewery wastes: A review

Water supply for consumption is one of the crucial objectives of water supply systems. Using of excessive fertilizer is a main source of nitrate content in water. The high amounts of nitrate in water have a determinable effect on the environment which must be removed due to drinking and industrial water standards. The purpose of this study is nitrate removal from aqueous solution by Electrocoagulation process. The applied pilot was comprised of a reservoir, electrode and power supply. In this study pH, electrical potential difference, nitrate initial concentration, total dissolved solid, kind of electrode, electrode connection methods and number of electrode were studied. Moreover, obtained optimum conditions were tested on Kerman water. The results showed that the electrocoagulation process can reach nitrate to less than standard limit. pH, electrical potential difference, total dissolved solids and number of electrodes have direct effect and initial concentration of nitrate has reverse effect on nitrate removal. This study also showed that under optimum condition, nitrate removal from Kerman water distribution system was 89.7 %. According to the results, Electrocoagulation process is suggested as an effective technique in nitrate removal.

Survey efficiency of electrocoagulation on nitrate removal from aqueous solution

Biodegradation of anthracene and several PAHs by the marine-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237

The extracted sugarcane molasses-melanoidins showed the presence of Mn (8.20), Cr (2.97), Zn (16.61), Cu (2.55), Fe (373.95), Pb (2.59), and Ni (4.18 mg L−1) along with mixture of other organic compounds which have endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) properties. A consortium of aerobic bacteria comprising Klebsiella pneumoniae (KU321273), Salmonella enteric (KU726954), Enterobacter aerogenes (KU726955), and Enterobacter cloacae (KU726957) showed the optimum decolourisation of molasses-melanoidins up to 81% through co-metabolism in the presence of glucose (1.0%) and peptone (0.2%) as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. The absorption spectrum scanning by UV–visible spectrophotometer between 200 and 700 nm revealed reductions of absorption spectrum of organic compounds present in bacterial degraded sample of melanoidins in range of 200–450 nm compared to control. The degradation and decolourisation of melanoidins by bacterial consortium was noted by induction of manganese peroxidase and laccase activities in sample supernatant. Furthermore, the TLC and HPLC analysis of bacterial decolourised melanoidins also showed degradation and reduction of absorption peak at (295 nm), respectively. Furthermore, FT-IR and GC–MS analysis also showed the change of functional group and disappearance of ion peaks. This indicated the degradation and depolymerisation of melanoidins and cleavage of C=C, C=O and C≡N conjugated bonds which resulted in reduction of colour. The metabolic analysis also showed the disappearance of some organic compounds and generation of new metabolites. Furthermore, the seed germination test using Phaseolus mungo L. showed toxicity reduction in decolourized effluent.

/pdf/evaluation-of-molasses-melanoidin-decolourisation-by-42cjxj1teo.pdf

Evaluation of molasses-melanoidin decolourisation by potential bacterial consortium discharged in distillery effluent.

This study presents the standardization of nutrient concentration, pH and temperature required to decolorize the anerobically treated distillery spent wash using the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Experiments were carried out to measure the decolorization of distillery spent wash effluent and it was found to be effective in acidic environment. From the results it was observed that a maximum color reduction of 52.6 % and Chemichal Oxygen Demand. removal of 62.5 % were achieved. The optimum conditions required for the growth of the fungus was found to be 5 g/L of fructose, 3 g/L of peptone, 5 pH and 35 °C. It was also observed that during the process a maximum of 1.2 g of fungal growth was attained. Decolorizing ability of the fungus was confirmed using spectrophotometer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis. Single factorial experimental design was used to optimize the parameters. Apart from decolorization it was observed that fungus also has the ability to degrade the spent wash efficiently. This investigation could be an approach towards control of environmental pollution and health hazards of people in and around the distillery unit.

/pdf/single-factorial-experimental-design-for-decolorizing-2fs4b3nhx9.pdf

Single factorial experimental design for decolorizing anaerobically treated distillery spent wash using cladosporium cladosporioides

Owing to rapid developments in reducing investment costs for the treatment of industrial effluent and gain through release of product, this investigation focuses on simultaneous treatment and product release. Tests were conducted to reveal the potential of Cladosporium cladosporioides for biodegradation and decolorization of distillery spent wash. A 2 4 full factorial central composite experimental design of Response Surface Methodology was conducted obtaining a maximum decolorization of 62.5 % and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction of 73.6 % at optimized conditions (fructose concentration of 7 g L –1 , peptone 2 g L –1 , 6 pH and 10 % (w/v) inoculum concentration). Results of the kinetic study revealed that the decolorization process follows first order kinetics with half life saturation period of 5.02 days. The products released during the degradation were separated, analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and identified through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library.

Biodegradation and Decolorization of Distillery Spent Wash with Product Release by a Novel Strain Cladosporium cladosporioides: Optimization and Biokinetics

Water supply for consumption is one of the crucial objectives of water
supply systems. Using of excessive fertilizer is a main source of
nitrate content in water. The high amounts of nitrate in water have a
determinable effect on the environment which must be removed due to
drinking and industrial water standards. The purpose of this study is
nitrate removal from aqueous solution by Electrocoagulation process.
The applied pilot was comprised of a reservoir, electrode and power
supply. In this study pH, electrical potential difference, nitrate
initial concentration, total dissolved solid , kind of electrode,
electrode connection methods and number of electrode were studied.
Moreover, obtained optimum conditions were tested on Kerman water. The
results showed that the electrocoagulation process can reach nitrate to
less than standard limit. pH, electrical potential difference, total
dissolved solids and number of electrodes have direct effect and
initial concentration of nitrate has reverse effect on nitrate removal.
This study also showed that under optimum condition, nitrate removal
from Kerman water distribution system was 89.7 %. According to the
results, Electrocoagulation process is suggested as an effective
technique in nitrate removal.

/pdf/survey-efficiency-of-electrocoagulation-on-nitrate-removal-31sudp9j97.pdf

N. S. Vasanthi

Papers

Single factorial experimental design for decolorizing anaerobically treated distillery spent wash using cladosporium cladosporioides

Biodegradation and Decolorization of Distillery Spent Wash with Product Release by a Novel Strain Cladosporium cladosporioides: Optimization and Biokinetics

Survey efficiency of electrocoagulation on nitrate removal from aqueoussolution