The purpose of this research was to delve into the published literature to mine data on the growth, development, and maturation of the craniofacial complex in children, specifically in females and males of various populations from birth to late adolescence (roughly 18 years of age). The goal was to capture information on the developmental rate and pattern of facial skeletal and soft tissue changes in children, and to construct an overall picture of the general face shape changes that occur. This research investigated if such a pattern could be found and or determined based on previous biomedical, anatomical and dental research that was inclusive of such growth phenomena.

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Craniofacial Changes in Children-Birth to Late Adolescence

The aims of this study were to assess the skeletal pattern and the malocclusion of Kadazan Dusun ethnic patients who seek for orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric radiographs (248) and 345 study models were collected from four orthodontic clinics in Sabah. The cephalometric mean values (SNA, SNB, ANB, MMA, SNMxP, UIMxP, LIMnP and ALFH) were measured and the study models were analysed for overjet, overbite, incisor and molar relationships. Some morphological or occlusal features such as shovel shape, Talon cusp, peg shape teeth, midline diastema, canine displacement and supernumerary tooth were also noted. The frequency and correlation of cephalometric mean values and prevalence of malocclusion were analysed using SPSS 18. Class I Skeletal pattern was the most common (48%) followed by Class II (33%) and Class III (18%). There was a strong correlation between SNA and SNB values (>0.70). Class II/1 incisor relationship has the highest frequency (41%) followed by Class III (32%), Class I (21%) and Class II/2 (6%). Class II Molar relationship of both right and left showed highest frequency (38%) followed by Class I (33%) and Class III (30%). Increased of overjet (44%) and reduced overbite (41%) and shovel-shaped incisor were the most common occlusal and dental features. The Kadazan Dusun patients who seek for orthodontic treatment in Sabah were mostly presented with Class I Skeletal pattern with high prevalence in Class II/1 incisor relationship, Class II molar relationship, increased overjet and reduced overbite. The orthodontic treatment pertaining to this ethnicity should be in line with the findings that will benefit patient specifically based on their common presented features.

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Cephalometric and malocclusion analysis of Kadazan Dusun ethnic orthodontic patients

Maxillary and mandibular contribution to the establishment of class II malocclusion in an adult Lebanese population.

Permutation method for evaluating topographic craniofacial correlations

Age distribution was similar in all three in all classes of sagittal jaw relationship. Class II subjects demonstrated a significantly larger cranial base flexure when compared with Class I and Class III subjects respectively. In this study sample, a larger cranial base flexure is a feature of Class II sagittal jaw relationship whilst both Class I and Class III sagittal jaw relationships are associated with smaller cranial base flexures. There were no significant differences between the Class I and Class III sagittal jaw relationship samples.

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Relationship between cranial base flexure and sagittal jaw relationships.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the cranial base and maxillo-facial morphology in Egyptian children. Data were obtained from 95 lateral cephalograms for 61 boys and 34 girls aged from 7.5 to 9.5 years with mean age 8.5 years. Eighteen linear and 14 angular measurements were derived from 40 landmarks and recorded from the standardized radiographs that were traced following methods formerly defined and described. A principal component analysis of linear and angular measurements showed that anterior and posterior cranial base lengths and cranial base angle were closely associated in different ways with different aspects of maxillo-facial morphology in both sexes. This was more pronounced in boys. A significant positive relationship was found between anterior cranial base length and most of the variables describing the maxillo-facial morphology in both sexes. Posterior cranial base length was significantly correlated to the facial depth. The cranial base angle showed a significant negative correlation with the antero–posterior position of maxilla and mandible (SNA=−0.34, SNB=−0.27 and ANB=−0.24). In conclusion, cranial base configuration plays an important role in maxillo-facial morphology.

N. Soliman

Papers

The relationship between cranial base and maxillo-facial morphology in Egyptian children.