This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

The term 'emoticons'—short for 'emotion icons'—refers to graphic signs, such as the smiley face, that often accompany computer-mediated textual communication. They are most often characterized as iconic indicators of emotion, conveyed through a communication channel that is parallel to the linguistic one. In this article, it is argued that this conception of emoticons fails to account for some of their important uses. We present a brief outline of speech act theory and use it to provide a complementary account of emoticons, according to which they also function as indicators of illocutionary force. More broadly, we identify and illustrate three ways in which emoticons function: 1) as emotion indicators, mapped directly onto facial expression; 2) as indicators of non-emotional meanings, mapped conventionally onto facial expressions, and 3) as illocutionary force indicators that do not map conventionally onto a facial expression. In concluding, we draw parallels between emoticons and utterance-final punctuation marks, and show how our discussion of emoticons bears upon the broader question of the bounds between linguistic and non-linguistic communication.

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Functions of the Nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and Illocutionary Force

Many hopes exist regarding the opportunities that the internet can offer to young people as well as fears about the risks it may bring. Informed by research on media literacy, this article examines the role of selected measures of internet literacy in relation to teenagers’ online experiences. Data from a national survey of teenagers in the UK (N = 789) are analyzed to examine: first, the demographic factors that influence skills in using the internet; and, second (the main focus of the study), to ask whether these skills make a difference to online opportunities and online risks. Consistent with research on the digital divide, path analysis showed the direct influence of age and socioeconomic status on young people’s access, the direct influence of age and access on their use of online opportunities, and the direct influence of gender on online risks. The importance of online skills was evident insofar as online access, use and skills were found to mediate relations between demographic variables and young people’s experience of online opportunities and risks. Further, an unexpected positive relationship between online opportunities and risks was found, with implications for policy interventions aimed at reducing the risks of internet use.

Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers' use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy

Relations with the public

Sociologie et Anthropologie

L’objectif de cet article est de determiner si les dispositifs de communication ecrite mediatisee par ordinateur (CEMO), tels que le courrier electronique ou les forums, rendent difficiles ou non l’expression et la comprehension des emotions. Pour traiter cette question, nous nous appuyons sur des travaux portant sur la communication des emotions en situation de face-a-face et de CEMO. Deux theses contradictoires sont mises en evidence. Selon la premiere, la CEMO engendre des incomprehensions sur la dimension emotionnelle ; selon la seconde, la CEMO est favorable a la communication des emotions, les echanges etant percus comme intimes et les individus manifestant leurs emotions par divers procedes. A partir d’une analyse critique de ces travaux, nous proposons d’expliquer ces contradictions et avancons quelques principes methodologiques, qui pourraient permettre de les depasser.

La communication des émotions dans les échanges médiatisés par ordinateur : bilan et perspectives

The primary objective of this study is to show the methodological benefits of a multimodal analysis of computer-mediated discussions. In order to go beyond the limits of a text-centered analysis, this study takes the kinesic behaviors of participants into account. An analysis of nonverbal communication, facial expression, and the relationship between text and kinesic behaviors in video recordings of four instant messaging discussions reveals that some kinesic behaviors can be seen as markers of engagement in interaction, even though an instant messaging discussion is not really interactive. Moreover, analyzing the kinesic behaviors of the participants shows that linear transcripts of the discussion generated by computer software hide many overlap phenomena. Finally, observation of the participants' facial expressions permits a more precise analysis of the emotional dimension of the discussion and highlights the discrepancy between text and nonverbal behaviors. Introduction: Theoretical Background and Research Questions Linguistic analyses of computer-mediated communication (CMC) are generally limited to text for methodological reasons. Studies that focus on logs of mediated texts separate messages from the physical context of their production and reception; as a result, they often neglect the situated dimension of discursive CMC exchanges and the multimodal nature of these communicative activities. Furthermore, the methodological choice to focus on text logs is related to the questions raised in the studies. CMC studies in general have tended to focus on "online behaviors:" What is analyzed is what we see on the screen. For example, linguists deal with the features of "digital discourse" (Collot & Belmore, 1996; Crystal, 2001), sociolinguists and sociologists emphasize the mechanisms of virtual community formation (Paolillo, 1999; Smith & Kollock, 1999), and social psychologists examine the emergence of group norms in cyberspace (Postmes, Spears, & Lea, 2000). According to Jones (2005a,b), these kinds of studies give the impression that 2 M. MARCOCCIA, H. ATIFI, AND N. GAUDUCHEAU Language@Internet, 5 (2008), article 7. (www.languageatinternet.de, urn:nbn:de: 0009-7-16215, ISSN 1860-2029) interaction takes place in a virtual space with no connection to the physical space in which participants are operating their computers. However, the physical context in which CMC takes place may have an impact on the way interaction is managed. If one considers CMC as situated human interaction (Goodwin, 2000; Relieu, 2005), it seems necessary to go "beyond the screen" (Jones, 2001) and to adopt a multimodal methodology, by which we mean recording and observing not only the textual production of the participants but also their postures, gestures, facial expressions, and reading/writing activities. Such an approach would focus on computermediated communication not only as a textual product, but also as an interactional process. Through the analysis of nonverbal behaviors of participants involved in an instant messaging session, this study intends to show the methodological interest of such an approach. Several questions will illustrate the benefits of a multimodal analysis. The first question asks what types of gestures are more common: ergonomic (or manipulative, i.e., task-oriented gestures), interactional (which permit intersynchronization), expressive (which indicate affect), symbolic (emblematic), or referential (which represent specific referents and semantic contents) (Ekman & Friesen, 1969; Kendon, 1970; Nehaniv, 2005; Tobin, 2000)? Description of gestures can show that participants are involved not in a solitary task of reading/writing digital texts but also in dialogic activity, in which they engage in exchanges with real recipients. Second, can the kinesic behaviors of online participants be considered as indicating the degree to which this dialogic activity is conversational and interactional? Whereas textual logs of written discussion display a clear dichotomy between sender and receiver without mutual or simultaneous interdependency, the analysis of kinesic behaviors reveals that an instant messaging discussion can be seen as an interactional achievement (Schegloff, 1982). For example, feedback phenomena occur when a participant reads a post. Gestures also occur that may indicate inter-synchronization and turntaking phenomena. Similarly, to what extent can the analysis of kinesic behaviors permit a better understanding of the structural organization of a discussion, including turntaking? For example, analyzing reading and writing activities shows that the TEXT-CENTERED VERSUS MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS 3 Language@Internet, 5 (2008), article 7. (www.languageatinternet.de, urn:nbn:de: 0009-7-16215, ISSN 1860-2029) linear transcripts of the discussion generated by computer software hide overlap phenomena. Last, can the study of the emotional expressivity of CMC be enriched through the description of kinesic behaviors? For example, how are facial expressions linked to such textual devices as smileys, acronyms of emotion, and expressive punctuation? The divergence that can be observed between facial expressions and these textual devices shows the limits of a log-centered analysis of the emotional dimensions of CMC.

https://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2008/1621/marcoccia.pdf

Text-Centered versus Multimodal Analysis of Instant Messaging Conversation

Resume La prise en compte des affects dans la conception et l’evaluation des technologies est un sujet important depuis quelques annees. Cependant, cette demarche souleve encore de nombreuses questions du point de vue theorique et methodologique. Le but de cet article est de contribuer a identifier les fondements d’une telle demarche. La premiere partie de l’article est consacree a la place accordee aux affects dans l’evaluation a partir d’une analyse des travaux sur l’evaluation de l’acceptabilite et de l’experience utilisateur. Par ailleurs, nous discutons de la relation entre les qualites instrumentales d’un outil et les affects de l’utilisateur ainsi que de l’apport et des limites des differentes methodes d’analyse des affects. La derniere partie de l’article presente quelques perspectives de recherche sur ces questions.

La prise en compte des affects dans le domaine des interactions homme-machine : quels modèles, quelles méthodes, quels bénéfices ?

This paper deals with methodological issues about the study and the design of computer-mediated solutions for online social support. First, we expose lacks in existing studies in the field of online social support. We have identified limits on three dimensions: methodological, conceptual and instrumental. Based on this critical analysis, we then describe our proposition of an interdisciplinary methodology (called MISS), involving psychology, sociology, computer science and conversational analysis. The role of each of these disciplines is described and discussed. As an illustration, we present the first results of the analysis of a corpus taken from a forum.

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Online Social Support: Benefits of an Interdisciplinary Approach for Studying and Designing Cooperative Computer-Mediated Solutions

This article presents methodological issues on evaluation related to the design process of the tool being evaluated. We emphasize the different variables which are important to take into account, and the links between them. We illustrate our approach with the presentation of a groupware for collective sensemaking (Sum it up) based on a theoretical activity model coming from social sciences, and a first evaluation of this groupware.

Nadia Gauducheau

Papers

La communication des émotions dans les échanges médiatisés par ordinateur : bilan et perspectives

Text-Centered versus Multimodal Analysis of Instant Messaging Conversation

La prise en compte des affects dans le domaine des interactions homme-machine : quels modèles, quelles méthodes, quels bénéfices ?

Online Social Support: Benefits of an Interdisciplinary Approach for Studying and Designing Cooperative Computer-Mediated Solutions

Design and evaluation of activity model-based groupware: methodological issues