Being emblematic of our big real world, Waiting for Godot shows how and why people cannot stop hoping until the end of time If Godot is the one who will provide what the two old tramps, Vladimir and Estragon, really desire, he seems to be ever beyond their reach No matter how uncertain whether he will come or not, they never give up waiting Godot is the promise that kindles their hope at every moment of despair We can notice Godot's absolute authority and control over them comes from his very absence In fact, this play was written to tell us about the human condition that all human beings suffer this repeated delay of satisfaction and the reproduction of desire all their lives What matters in this symbolic system is not how to make the signifier meaningful but how to prolong the unsatisfactory, meaningless time The characters in this play are about to be aware how empty these symbols are Since the gap between what man hopes for and what the world actually grants is the very essence of the social structure, the contradiction between those two will be never resolved Time has stopped for those who are worn out to watch all their labors have been sterile and still have their labors unfinished Nothing real ever happens and nothing ever changes One day is a duplicate of another The two act structure of the play presents this ontological structure of the human world Meaning cannot be found in the symbolic world And hope is definitely alien to the world of this play Every evening, however, the two men renew their weary and hopeless waiting That is, people make a compromise with the world and pretend they have meanings so that they can keep on hoping This play shows the habit of waiting is the last thing they choose to protect themselves from being fully aware of the cruel truth of life

Waiting for Godot에 나타난 희망의 구조

The biography of Samuel Beckett, the writer and winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1969, who died in December 1989. He is the author of \"Waiting for Godot\", \"Happy Days\", \"Molloy\", \"Krapp's Last Tape\" and \"The Unnamable\".

Samuel Beckett: A Biography

Sustainablility poses profound challenges to society – and to the architecture and design disciplines. Design has conventionally been applied to expand the market for things that (over)consume material and natural resources. For those that consume design – that is, for all of us – environmental sustainability requires us to question what we produce and consume as a society, and how we impact others and future generations. For those of us that are designers – and often seen as part of the problem within discussions of sustainable development – we need to query what and how we design. This was the question at stake nearly half a century ago for a number of movements within design. Various names for such movements, such as ‘Anti-Design’, ‘Non-Plan’ and ‘Radical Design’ indicate a critique of design, planning and architecture. Radical designers mounted a critique of their own design discipline and of a societal status quo. However, rather than debate articles or academic analyses, their critique took the form of design. 

The contemporary challenges of sustainable development require just such criticality. Mainstream approaches, predominately based on cleaning up production processes and incentivizing ‘green’ consumption, help to mitigate the negative environmental effects of behaviors entrenched in industrialized Western societies. However, besides incremental improvements to our lives in these societies – and looking ahead to the next 50 years – we need to be able to relate to others, alternatives and futures that may be radically different than us, here and now. Today, a multitude of socially and politically-engaged designers are taking on such issues, rapidly growing beyond a minority within architectural and design disciplines – and the questions raised are relevant to the 99% of society. As in Radical Design, criticality does not have to end in polemics, in utopias or dystopias, but in giving form to critical questions: Which – or who’s – interests should be represented in design and society? Who benefits – and who profits? What might be alternatives and futures? Who designs these futures, for whom?

A Critical Practice

To the Finland Station

This study tends to focus on the different facets and meanings of ‘’Waiting for Godot’’ by Samuel Beckett. The different occurrences of conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of the play show existence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. Based on the theoretical concern of the discussions of Post-Structuralist Marxist theorists Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey, the main concern of the discussion concentrates on the theory of decentred or disparate text, expounded by Pierre Macherey in his book, “A Theory of Literary Production” (1978). This paper asks how the significant gaps, silences, absences and non-saids in the text of “Waiting for Godot” reflect the presence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett’s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post-Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of “Waiting for Godot” and between the text and its ideological content.

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Waiting for Godot: A Marxist Study

1 Department of English Literature and Linguistics, University of Balochistan Quetta Balochistan Pakistan Email: sangatjavedakhtar@gmail.com. (Corresponding author), M Phil Scholar, 2 M Phil Scholar, Department of English Literature and Linguistics, University of Balochistan Quetta Balochistan Pakistan. Email: khairaefroze@gmail.com 3 M. Phil Scholar, Department of English Literature and Linguistics, University of Balochistan Quetta Balochistan Pakistan. Email: nailanaz005@gmail.com

Universal Hints for an All Round Development of Human Personality: Vladimir Lenin as a Case Study

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) is the most prominent figure in contemporary philosophical and literary debate. He originates a trend-breaking theory of deconstruction. He opines the persistence in west European philosophical tradition of what he labels is logocentric metaphysics of presence. He argues that the different theories of philosophy, from Plato until structuralism are versions of a single or authoritative system. Though we cannot hope to escape this system we can at least identify the conditions of thought it imposes by attending to that which it seek to impress. Derridean deconstruction may present a new perspective to Sophocles’ “Oedipus Rex”, which has always been a research target for world researchers. The researchers studied it from different angles, but the present study tries to reveal different facets of the play on Derridean deconstructive bedrock. Applying Derrida’s deconstruction to the text of the play, the study tries to present it in a new and innovative way. The study will discuss how Western logocentric tradition of the metaphysics of presence and its compelling repercussions ground human thought in stable and pre-determined meaning. In its concluding mode, the study analyses preventive stumbling aporic blocks of fossilized logocentric structure of the minds of characters in the play. Keywords: Jacques Derrida, deconstruction, logocentric metaphysics of presence and messianic, aporia, binary Oppositions

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Naila Naz

Papers

Waiting for Godot: A Marxist Study

Universal Hints for an All Round Development of Human Personality: Vladimir Lenin as a Case Study

Sophocles' Oedipus Rex: A Deconstructive Study