A hydroxyapatite is known as one of vital materials and common use in biomedical field
and concentrated in clinical area. In relation to the above, the development of hydroxyapatite
powder becomes an attractive research lines due to simplify in produce it. Thus in this paper the
researcher stress out about Hydroxyapatite powder gained from the natural sources or so called as
the waste of Tilapia bone and scales. The raw bones of and scale were undergo to crushing process
to form in powder size (0.2 mm) then analysed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identified the
mineralogy of raw bone. Moreover the powder of fish bone and scales also go through to Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) machine to analyse the microstructure of the powder while EDS act as
device to determine the chemical composition of the sample powder. Sample powder then forward
calcination process at selected temperature range to as a cheaper method in obtained hydroxyapatite
raw sources. The range ofcalcination temperatures are between 800°C to 1000°C.The sample
preparation were analysed in both condition before and after calcination process by using XRD,
SEM and EDS.The HAP crystalline composition of tilapia bones for raw powder and at 800 °C are
similar with HAP pattern (JDS 00-009-0432) and the chemical reaction is Ca5(PO4)3(OH) then at
temperature 900 and 1000 similar to HAP pattern (JDS 00-055-0592) with chemical reaction equal
to Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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Hydroxyapatite Extracted from Waste Fish Bones and Scales via Calcination Method

Previous studies have reported the synthesis and mechanical properties of natural hydroxyapatite (HA), but optimization of the measured hardness and compressive strength has not been examined. This paper presents optimization of HAp mechanical characteristics (hardness and compressive strength), using Taguchi grey relational analysis design. In the design, three factors with mixed levels (2 and 3) were employed with the consideration of sintering parameters (0 and 500 Pa compaction pressure, and 900, 1000, and 1100°C sintering temperature), reported in the previous study. The orthogonal array L18 having 18 rows corresponding to the number of tests and the required columns was selected. Results obtained show that HA with better hardness and compressive strength is feasible with little or no compaction pressure. An optimum grey relational grade (GRG) of the synthesized HA is 0.7171 and has an experimental value within 95% confidence interval. The optimum sintering parameters are gotten to be 500 Pa compaction pressure and 1100°C sintering temperature. The result shows that sintering temperature having 99.90 percentage of contribution is the most significant factor, while compaction pressure and residual error are insignificant on the overall hardness and compressive strength of the synthesized HA.

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Taguchi grey relational analysis on the mechanical properties of natural hydroxyapatite: effect of sintering parameters

Thermal Debinding and Sintering of water atomised SS316L Metal Injection Moulding Process

The objective of this work is the preparation of hydroxyapatite by femur dromedary bone heat treatment. The treatment was carried out at temperatures up to 1000 °C, and the powders obtained were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and laser granulometry. The results show that the extracted powder corresponds to a hydroxyapatite whose crystallinity increases with the increase of the calcination temperature. The removal of the organic matter from 600 °C leads to a white powder of nanoporous structure. The chemical analysis of the calcined powder shows the presence of the major calcium and phosphorus elements with atomic ratio Ca/P = 1.62. The powder also contains ions’ trace such as sodium, magnesium strontium, and zinc. The dromedary bone can be considered as a new source of hydroxyapatite whose applications can be extended from biomedical to environmental remediation.

Preparation of Hydroxyapatite from Dromedary Bone by Heat Treatment

This article deals with rheological and solvent extraction behavior of stainless steel 316L feedstocks using Restaurant Waste Fats and Oils (RWFO) from grease traps as binder components along with Polypropylene (PP) copolymer as a backbone binder. Optimal binder formulation and effect of solvent extraction variables on green compacts are being analyzed. Four binder formulations based on volumetric ratio/weight fraction between PP and RWFO being mixed with 60% volumetric powder loading of SS316L powder each as feedstock. The rheological analysis are based on viscosity, shear rate, temperature, activation energy, flow behavior index, and moldability index. The optimal feedstock formulation will be injected to form green compact to undergo the solvent extraction process. Solvent extraction variables are based on solvent temperature which are 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C with different organic solvents of n-hexane and n-heptane. Analysis of the weight loss percentage and diffusion coefficient is done on the green compact during the solvent extraction process. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) is used to confirm the extraction of the RWFO in green compacts. It is found that all binder fractions exhibit pseudoplastic behavior or shear thinning where the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. After considering the factors that affect the rheological characteristic of the binder formulation, feedstock with binder formulation of 20/20 volumetric ratio between PP and RWFO rise as the optimal binder. It is found that the n-hexane solvent requires less time for extracting the RWFO at the temperature of 60 °C as proved by its diffusion coefficient.

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Influences of Restaurant Waste Fats and Oils (RWFO) from Grease Trap as Binder on Rheological and Solvent Extraction Behavior in SS316L Metal Injection Molding

Influence of sewage ratio or Fat Oil Grease (FOG) on the feedstock rheological characteristic for optimal binder formulation in metal injection moulding is evaluated besides Polypropylene (PP) as a backbone binder. Powder loading of 62% of water atomised SS316L being used here to determine the possibility of the best binder formulation which could be optimised for optimal powder loading base on rheological characteristic analysis. Two binder formulations of PP to SF being selected here are 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60 accordingly with the powder loading of 62% each binder formulation. The analysis will be base on viscosity, shear rate, temperature, activation energy, flow behaviour index and moldability index. It is found that from rheological result views, binder with composition of 60/40 and 50/50 exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour or shear thinning where the viscosity decrease with increasing shear rate. For 40/60 binder ratio is not suitable since the behaviour of the flow indicates dilatants behaviour. After considering all the criteria in terms of flow behaviour index, activation energy, viscosity and mouldability index, binder with ratio of 60/40 is evolve as a good selections.

The Influence of Sewage Fat Composition on Rheological Behavior of Metal Injection Moulding

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was synthesized by a simple heating process involving simple chemical reaction. The characterization of the produced powder showed that the powder is nanosize with particle in the range of 30-70 mm in diameter and almost evenly spherical in shape. The powder also has a high surface area of 43.16 m2/g. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) observation showed the crystallite and particle size become bigger with an increment of calcination temperature, indicating increasing of crystallinity.. FESEM observation showed the particle size become bigger with an increment of calcinations temperature. It is in agreement with the crystallite size analysis, obtained by Scherer’s formula and particle size analysis, measured by nanoSizer. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses exhibited the same result, where HA phase was clearly observed at at various temperatures up to 600 C. However, at temperature more than 600 C, Tri calcium phosphate (TCP) phase appeared suppressing the HA phase, producing biphasic calcium phosphate.

Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder

Metal injection moulding has gain much attention due to flexibility and high productivity of the plastics injection moulding with the powder metallurgy method of sintering. In order to gain better shape retention, optimum density of green part is required. This paper deals with the application of Taguchi optimisation technique on getting the optimum density for Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) components base on certain parameters in process injection. For this purposes only 3 process parameters were considered here including its interactions which are injection pressure, injection temperature and mould temperature. Since its more close to the final products these parameters were selected and other parameters will be kept constant. An orthogonal array of L16 experimental base design was conducted. Confirmation test will be done base on Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio and it Means.

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Green density optimisation with sustainable sewage fat as binder components in ss316l feedstock of metal injection moulding process (mim) by taguchi method

Najwa Mustapha

Papers

The Influence of Sewage Fat Composition on Rheological Behavior of Metal Injection Moulding

Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder

Green density optimisation with sustainable sewage fat as binder components in ss316l feedstock of metal injection moulding process (mim) by taguchi method