Accumulation of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins and resistance to Colletotrichum sublineolum in sorghum

In Sorghum bicolor, a group of phytoalexins are induced at the site of infection by Colletotrichum sublineolum, the anthracnose fungus. These compounds, classified as 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, have structural similarities to the precursors of phlobaphenes. Sorghum yellow seed1 (y1) encodes a MYB transcription factor that regulates phlobaphene biosynthesis. Using the candystripe1 transposon mutagenesis system in sorghum, we have isolated functional revertants as well as loss-of-function alleles of y1. These near-isogenic lines of sorghum show that, compared to functionally revertant alleles, loss of y1 lines do not accumulate phlobaphenes. Molecular characterization of two null y1 alleles shows a partial internal deletion in the y1 sequence. These null alleles, designated as y1-ww1 and y1-ww4, do not accumulate 3-deoxyanthocyanidins when challenged with the nonpathogenic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Further, as compared to the wild-type allele, both y1-ww1 and y1-ww4 show greater susceptibility to the pathogenic fungus C. sublineolum. In fungal-inoculated wild-type seedlings, y1 and its target flavonoid structural genes are coordinately expressed. However, in y1-ww1 and y1-ww4 seedlings where y1 is not expressed, steady-state transcripts of its target genes could not be detected. Cosegregation analysis showed that the functional y1 gene is genetically linked with resistance to C. sublineolum. Overall results demonstrate that the accumulation of sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins and resistance to C. sublineolum in sorghum require a functional y1 gene.

https://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/184/4/915.full.pdf

Flavonoid Phytoalexin-Dependent Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight Requires a Functional yellow seed1 in Sorghum bicolor

/pdf/uso-de-extratos-vegetais-no-controle-de-fungos-1d2w7z6t40.pdf

Uso de extratos vegetais no controle de fungos fitopatogênicos

Secondary compounds present in medicinal plants can play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions, through immediate antimicrobial action or by inducing a defence mechanism in other plants that may be treated with such compounds. With the objective of verifying the potential of Eucalyptus citriodora in the alternative control of anthracnose in cucumber (Cucumus sativus), aqueous extract (AE) of this forest essence, autoclaved or unautoclaved, in concentrations of 0,1, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% was used in the following experiments: induction of phytoalexins in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) etiolated mesocotyls and soybean (Glycine max) cotyledons; fungitoxicity in vitro against Colletotrichum lagenarium conidia; local or systemic induction of resistance in cucumber plants. Water and Bion were used as control treatments. The results indicated that the autoclaved and unautoclaved AE induced phytoalexin synthesis in sorghum starting from the concentration of 1%. In soybean, gliceollin synthesis took place in 10% and 15% of the autoclaved and unautoclaved AEs, respectively. There was total inhibition in the spores germination and apressoria formation in concentrations of 20% and 1% of the autoclaved AE, respectively. As for the unautoclaved extract, there was 75% inhibition of the spores germination in 25% of AE and total inhibition in the apressoria formation in 15% of AE. Based on the parameter size of lesion, the unautoclaved aqueous extract of E. citriodora could potentially induce local resistance in cucumber against C. lagenarium.

/pdf/fungitoxicidade-atividade-elicitora-de-fitoalexinas-e-1atyww2ft7.pdf

Fungitoxicidade, atividade elicitora de fitoalexinas e proteção de pepino contra Colletotrichum lagenarium, pelo extrato aquoso de Eucalyptus citriodora

Cereal crop plants such as maize and sorghum are constantly being attacked by a great variety of pathogens that cause large economic losses. Plants protect themselves against pathogens by synthesizing antimicrobial compounds, which include phytoalexins. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on phytoalexins produced by sorghum (luteolinidin, apigeninidin) and maize (zealexin, kauralexin, DIMBOA and HDMBOA). For these molecules, we highlight biosynthetic pathways, known intermediates, proposed enzymes, and mechanisms of elicitation. Finally, we discuss the involvement of phytoalexins in plant resistance and their possible application in technology, medicine and agriculture. For those whose world is round we tried to set the scene in the context of a hypothetical football game in which pathogens fight with phytoalexins on the different playing fields provided by maize and sorghum.

https://www.afritradomedic.com/pdf/about_sorghum/Red%20Card%20for%20Pathogens%20%20Phytoalexins%20in%20Sorghum%20and%20Maize.pdf

Naoto Yamaoka

Papers

Elicitor of sorghum phytoalexin synthesis from Colletotrichum graminicola