VERY few veterinary surgeons have thought fit to write a book on diseases of poultry. Mr. Ernest Gray has done justice to the subject and is to be congratulated on his effort. A book of this size, written by one with specialized knowledge, will add to the value of any library or private bookshelf. Diseases of Poultry Their Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control; with a Section on the Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Fowl. By Ernest Gray. (Lockwood's Agricultural and Horticultural Handbooks.) Pp. x + 198 + 16 plates. (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, Ltd., 1940.) 9s. 6d. net.

Diseases of Poultry

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of helminth parasites found on vegetables sold in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Eleven laboratories collaborated to determine the periodic prevalence of Salmonella in a population of dogs and cats in the United States visiting veterinary clinics. Fecal samples (2,965) solicited from 11 geographically dispersed veterinary testing laboratories were collected in 36 states between January 2012 and April 2014 and tested using a harmonized method. The overall study prevalence of Salmonella in cats (3 of 542) was <1%. The prevalence in dogs (60 of 2,422) was 2.5%. Diarrhea was present in only 55% of positive dogs; however, 3.8% of the all diarrheic dogs were positive, compared with 1.8% of the nondiarrheic dogs. Salmonella-positive dogs were significantly more likely to have consumed raw food (P = 0.01), to have consumed probiotics (P = 0.002), or to have been given antibiotics (P = 0.01). Rural dogs were also more likely to be Salmonella positive than urban (P = 0.002) or suburban (P = 0.001) dogs. In the 67 isolates, 27 unique serovars were identified, with three dogs having two serovars present. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 66 isolates revealed that only four of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Additional characterization of the 66 isolates was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence data compared well to resistance phenotypic data and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study suggests an overall decline in prevalence of Salmonella-positive dogs and cats over the last decades and identifies consumption of raw food as a major risk factor for Salmonella infection. Of note is that almost half of the Salmonella-positive animals were clinically nondiarrheic.

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Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014

Background : Given the importance of healthy vegetables, the present study was conducted to determine parasitic infection of vegetable consumed in Shahroud.Materials and Methods : This cross-sectional study has been conducted on 92 samples of various vegetables collected from 16 vegetable growing farms and 1 vegetable process workshop.Results : Sixty two percent of tested vegetables lacked parasites and the highest amount of parasites observed (34.78%) was related to Giardia lamblia. A significant relationship was observed between parasite and having toilets in the farms as well as the extent of farms.Conclusion : safety of fertilizers consumed by farms and healthy fruits can have an effective role in reducing the parasitic infections.

Parasitic Contamination of Raw Vegetables in Shahroud, Semnan

A survey study was conducted from June to December 2009 using standard parasitological procedures to determine the prevalence of tick infestation among cattle of different breeds in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. The tick species identified were Boophilus microplus , Amblyomma variegatum , Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus sanguineous and Ornithodorus spp. Of the 205 cattle examined, 63.4% (95% CI: 56.8 – 70.0) were tick infested. Males had a non – significantly (P > 0.05) higher infestation rate of 63.4% (56.7 – 71.7) compared with the females 60.9% (46.8 – 75.0). Younger animals aged ≤ 3 years had a significantly (P 3 – 7 years 55.8% (46.3 – 65.3) and older animals > 7 years 35.0% (22.9 – 47.1). Among breeds, Wadara and Kuri had significantly (P < 0.05) higher infestation rates of 66.1% (57.9 – 74.3) and 66.7% (13.4 – 120.0) respectively. Gudali had 60.9% (41.0 – 80.8), Rahaji 58.0% (44.3 – 71.7) and Bunaji 50.0% (19.3 – 119.3). Based on the predilection sites, the udder and external genitalia, inner thigh and under the tail/perineum were the most tick-infested sites with 84.3% (78.3 – 88.5), 79.0% (73.4 – 84.6) and 69.8% (63.5 – 76.1) respectively (P < 0.05). While the less preferred sites eyes, neck/dewlap, ears and all over the body each had prevalence of 26.3% (20.3 – 32.3), 14.6% (9.8 – 1.4), 12.2% (7.7 – 16.7) and 11.2% (6.9 – 15.5) respectively. This study reveals high prevalence of tick infestation among indigenous cattle in Maiduguri. This might hamper cattle production and productivity in Nigeria. Thus, it is recommended that appropriate control strategies be instituted to control ticks in the study area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21279 Bangl. J. Vet. Med . (2014). 12 (2): 161-166

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Prevalence of Tick Infestation in Different Breeds of Cattle in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Aim: To determine the seroepidemiological patterns of bovine brucellosis in three senatorial zones of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were aseptically collected from the anterior jugular vein of 336 slaughtered cattle, between September 2013 and March 2014 in three senatorial zones of Bauchi State, Nigeria. The sera obtained were screened for brucellosis using rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT) in parallel. The data generated was subjected to Chi-square and Fishers exact test analysis to establish whether there is a relationship between the breeds, sex, and location of the animals sampled. Results: Of the 336 cattle screened, 18 (5.4%) and 13 (3.9%) were positive by RBPT and SAT, respectively. There was no statistically significant association (p>0.05) between the sex, age, and location of cattle with seropositivity of brucellosis in the state. It was concluded that brucellosis is prevalent in Bauchi State. Further study is recommended in other abattoirs and herds of cattle in Bauchi State for confirmation of the status of the disease among cattle slaughtered in the state. Conclusion: A high seroprevalence of brucellosis among the cattle in Bauchi state indicates that the disease is endemic and cattle are one of the animals that perpetuate and sustain the disease.

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Epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis in three senatorial zones of Bauchi State, Nigeria.

The prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Salmonella from dogs in Maiduguri Metropolis were determined using standard bacteriological methods to assess the risk of possible transmission of Salmonella infection from dogs to humans Of 119 samples, Salmonella was isolated from 52 (437%) Males had higher prevalence of 500% compared with 347% in females (P < 005) Dogs older than 24 months had higher prevalence of 610% and the lowest was seen in dogs aged 13-24 months (P < 005) The prevalence of 318%, 412%, and 588% was observed in dogs aged 3-6, 10-12, and 7-9 months, respectively High prevalence of 495% was observed in Mongrels, while Terrier and Alsatian breeds had 300% and 83%, respectively Salmonella isolates from Alsatian and Terrier breeds showed about 100% susceptibility to all the tested antimicrobials Higher percentage of the Salmonella isolates from Mongrels also showed susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (897%), amoxicillin (876%), vancomycin (866%), and chloramphenicol (845%) However about 50% of these isolates showed resistance to ofloxacin The carrier status of Salmonella is high among dogs especially Mongrels Therefore good environmental hygiene, discouraging straying coupled with feeding of dogs with properly cooked and uncontaminated feeds was recommended to mitigate risk of human salmonellosis

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Prevalence of Salmonella Infection in Dogs in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at Damaturu Abattoir, Yobe State, Nigeria.

Four hundred (400) unvaccinated cattle were screened by C-ELISA and 100 structured questionnaires were administered to the herdsmen with the aim to determine the epidemiological pattern of brucellosis in cattle breeding herds across the five agricultural zones of Yobe State, North-eastern Nigeria. Brucella infection was reported in all agricultural zones of the state with overall sero-prevalence of 23.0%. The specific seroprevalence of 18.0% was obtained in the female and 5.0% in the male cattle tested. The age band 5 – 61⁄2 years recorded the highest (9.5%) specific sero-prevalence and the least 1.5% in age band 1 – 21⁄2 years. White Fulani (Bunaji) breed had the highest specific sero-prevalence of 10.0% and Adamawa Gudali with 2.0% was the least. The highest specific sero-prevalence 8.0% was obtained in Geidam zone, followed by Gashua 6.0%, Nguru 3.5%, Potiskum 3.0% and Damaturu 2.5%. There was no significant statistical association (P>0.05) between sex; age; breeds of the cattle studied as well as agricultural zones of the state and Brucella infection. Low level of education, low patronage of veterinary services and lack of vaccination against brucellosis were observed among the herdsmen. The study concluded that brucellosis is present in all agricultural zones of the state and higher among female than male cattle.

Naphtali Nayamanda Atsanda

Papers

Prevalence of Tick Infestation in Different Breeds of Cattle in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis in three senatorial zones of Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Prevalence of Salmonella Infection in Dogs in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

Prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at Damaturu Abattoir, Yobe State, Nigeria.

Serological Survey of Brucella Antibodies in Cattle Breeding Herds in Northeastern Nigeria