This report presents the findings of the analysis of the state of the art conducted as part of the JRC research on "Exploring Digital Government Transformation in the EU: understanding public sector innovation in a data-driven society" (DIGIGOV), within the framework of the "European Location Interoperability Solutions for eGovernment (ELISE)" Action of the ISA2 Programme on Interoperability solutions for public administrations, businesses and citizens, coordinated by DIGIT. The results of the review of literature, based on almost 500 academic and grey literature sources, as well as the analysis of digital government policies in the EU Member States provide a synthetic overview of the main themes and topics of the digital government discourse. The report depicts the variety of existing conceptualisations and definitions of the digital government phenomenon, measured and expected effects of the application of more disruptive innovations and emerging technologies in government, as well as key drivers and barriers for transforming the public sector. Overall, the literature review shows that many sources appear overly optimistic with regard to the impact of digital government transformation, although the majority of them are based on normative views or expectations, rather than empirically tested insights. The authors therefore caution that digital government transformation should be researched empirically and with a due differentiation between evidence and hope. In this respect, the report paves the way to in-depth analysis of the effects that can be generated by digital innovation in public sector organisations. A digital transformation that implies the redesign of the tools and methods used in the machinery of government will require in fact a significant change in the institutional frameworks that regulate and help coordinate the governance systems in which such changing processes are implemented.

Exploring Digital Government transformation in the EU

An example operation may include one or more of identifying a blockchain transaction requiring completion, identifying one or more task requests associated with the blockchain transaction, determining a number of different qualities of service required to complete the one or more task requests, and determining a number of service provider blockchain members are required to complete the one or more task requests based on a number of different available resources assigned to the service provider blockchain members.

Enforcing compute equity models in distributed blockchain

Nowadays, sensors inserted in mobile applications are used for gathering data for an explicit assignment that can effectively save cost and time in crowd sensing networks (CSNs). The true value and essence of gathered statistics depend on the participation level from all the members of a CSN, i.e., service providers, data collectors, and service consumers. In comparison with the centralized conventional mechanisms that are susceptible to privacy invasion, attacks, and manipulation, this article proposes a decentralized incentive and reputation mechanism for CSN. The monetary rewards are used to motivate the data collectors and to encourage the participants to take part in the network activities. Whereas the issue of privacy leakage is dealt with using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES128) technique. Additionally, a reputation system is implemented to tackle issues like data integrity, fake reviews, and conflicts among entities. Through registering reviews, the system encourages data utilization by providing correct, consistent, and reliable data. Furthermore, simulations are performed for analyzing the gas consumed by smart contracts. Similarly, the encryption technique is ratified by comparing its execution time with other techniques that are previously used in literature. Lastly, the reputation system is inspected through analyzing the gas consumption and mining time of input string length.

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An Incentive and Reputation Mechanism Based on Blockchain for Crowd Sensing Network

Crowdsourcing frameworks have accomplished significant concern and reception as of late. It coordinates the human insight of specific and organizations together from everywhere throughout the world to comprehend convoluted assignments. Despite, these focal frameworks subject to the shortcomings of the trust-based standard like customary monetary establishments, for example, single purpose of disappointment, high administration expense, and security revelation. Here, the concept is a blockchain-based distributed structure for crowdsourcing, in which a requester’s work can be dictated by a horde of laborers with no depend on upon focal publicly supporting frameworks or expected clients to get to administrations with enlisting genuine characters. In consideration, the engineering of the proposed system where Users can enlist, post, or get an undertaking safely under this structure with high user’s privacy and low administrative expenses. By expanding the versatility of crowdsourcing the purpose is illustrating convoluted crowdsourcing logic with the intelligent contract. While posting a task, the requester has to deposit the project amount which is escrowed with the system and the worker will get the project amount on the agreed task completion from the escrow. Due to this task, the requester will not pay more than what task deserves, according to a guideline disclosed when the task is posted; and each worker will surely receive a payment based on the guidelines.

A Blockchain-Based Decentralized Framework for Crowdsourcing

Crowd Sensing Network (CSN) uses sensor embedded mobile phones for the collection of data for some specific task which can effectively save cost and time. The quality of collected data depends on the participation level from all entities of CSN, i.e., service provider, service consumers and data collectors. In comparison with the centralized traditional incentive mechanisms devised for CSN, we have proposed a decentralized system model where incentives are used to stimulate the involvement among data collectors and motivate the participants to join the network. Moreover, the issue of privacy leakage is tackled by using AES128 technique. Furthermore, the system is evaluated through analyzing the gas consumption of all the smart contracts, whereas, the encryption technique is validated through comparing the execution time with base paper methods.

A Blockchain Based Incentive Mechanism for Crowd Sensing Network

Although there is no single definition, a Smart City is a settlement that uses various technologies to optimize the delivery of services to citizens and increase residents’ quality of life. While a vast array of sensors and IoT devices will be deployed to meet the data requirements of a smart approach to public service delivery, any city’s largest and most sophisticated sensor network takes the form of its citizens. As the ones who use the city’s infrastructure and services 24/7, they are uniquely placed to report any issues. What stops most people from doing so is firstly the lack of a platform with the appropriate channels and secondly, the lack of immediate incentives — most of the time, an issue will be seen as someone else’s job to address.To address these issues, the Vizsafe platform has been designed to mobilize the crowd and give them a reason to submit information that is in everyone’s interests. Through the power of blockchain, these reports are stored on a decentralized ledger, and, utilizing smart contracts, SPOT tokens are used as incentive to people that upload incident reports, whether that is a potential security threat or faulty infrastructure. It’s the slight nudge that makes ‘someone else’s problem’ into ‘my opportunity’. Once cities start rewarding participation meaningfully, people cease to be consumers and service users but rather contribute information for their collective benefit, while reducing costs for businesses and service providers. They become active partners in maintaining the communities in which they live and work.

Vizsafe: The Decentralized Crowdsourcing Safety Network

The method and system allows for users to share and be rewarded for information submitted or actions performed, including reports containing messages, images, videos, and geolocation data, of any issues they encounter. The submissions can be shared with the appropriate organization and/or stored on a server, and uploaded to a blockchain to ensure that there is a permanent, tamper-proof record verifying the authenticity of all related transactions. Each submission or action can be verified to create a rating for each user. The system can additionally provide a trust rating for a municipality, facility, venue or organization itself as well. Such a trust rating can be a function of the number of reports submitted by users and the resolution of such reports. The system can have the ability to reward users with digital value in return for receiving and verifying authenticity of the information, and to provide such users with the ability to redeem those rewards for goods and services.

Nathan R. Whittaker

Papers

Vizsafe: The Decentralized Crowdsourcing Safety Network

Safety index for the calculation of a rating based on user generated reports or actions and rewards system therefor