Integrated control of insect pests on canola and other iBrassica/i oilseed crops in Pakistan.

Plant viruses are transmitted through insects, mites, nematodes, and protists. Arthropods as vectors are used by 88% of plant viruses to move from one host to another. Insects are the most prevalent vectors, with aphids accounting for half of all insect-vectored viruses. Aphids have been meticulously developed to serve as vectors. Transforming virions into plant cells is facilitated bypiercing–sucking mouthparts that do not cause irreversible damage. With the ability to reproduce asexually, aphid populations can grow incredibly, amplifying disease epidemics and accelerating the spread of viruses over short and vast distances. Aphids significantly reduce crop productivity by spreading numerous plant viruses. Being obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses rely heavily on vectors to spread and survive. Aphids are responsible for the majority of economically significant plant virus transmission and cause heavy crop loss worldwide. Aphids feed on the plant as insect pathogens and carry plant pathogens such as Viruses. Either persistent circulation, non-circulation or not persistently, they spread viruses. The process of plant virus transmission by insects has changed over time and is significantly impacted by the biology and morphology of insects. Much research during the last century has offered an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning virus-vector interactions. The present review discusses the molecular interaction of the virus–vector relationship by Aphids. This will provide a clue to the scientific community to successfully combat aphid infestation in agriculture.

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A review on molecular aspects of virus-vector relationship to the aphids

This chapter comprehensively covers arthropods (mainly insects and mites), nematodes, fungi, and plasmodiophorids in the context of being prime agents for spreading plant viruses. Insects are the largest class of plant-virus–transmitting vectors wherein acquisition and transmission of pathogens by an insect vector is essential to start the infection cycle of disease. Some viruses can infect plants when insects tap into the phloem to feed; other viruses infect plant cells through a wound site created by a leaf-feeding insects The epidemiology of plant diseases caused by insect-carried plant viruses involves four main components—pathogen, insect, plant, and environment. Thus, interactions among insect vectors, viruses, and host plants mediate transmission by integrating all organizational levels, from molecules to populations. The latest research in the field of managing plant viruses through vectors management have been deliberated with special reference to the use of crop protection, plant resistance, modification of farming practices, biotechnology, and typical integrated pest-management strategies.

Naveed Akhter Shad

Papers

Integrated management of vectored viral diseases of plants

Management of Insect Pests through Hormones